Education in entrepreneurship and the Theory of Planned Behaviour

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 506-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annamária Heuer ◽  
Lars Kolvereid
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Venture Creation ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Unemployed People ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Entrepreneurial Behaviour ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of the present empirical study is to investigate the relationship between education in entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial behaviour and compare the effectiveness of frequently used entrepreneurship education teaching approaches. Design/methodology/approach – Hypotheses are derived from the “Theory of Planned Behaviour” (“TPB”), which suggests that education in entrepreneurship is positively related to attitude (“A”), subjective norm (“SN”) and perceived behavioural control (“PBC”); that the effect on A, SN and PBC is stronger for extensive courses in entrepreneurship than for more superficial forms of educational efforts; and that education only influences entrepreneurial intentions indirectly through the effect on A, SN and PBC. The hypotheses are tested using data from two different surveys, one from Belgium and one from Norway. Findings – None of the hypotheses are supported. However, the findings from the study indicate a strong direct relationship between participation in extensive education programmes in entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention. Research limitations/implications – Additional empirical evidence would be required to confirm these results and help to improve our understanding of the validity bounds of the TPB in the field of entrepreneurship. Practical implications – The findings indicate that educational programs or events of limited duration have a rather limited usefulness and that efforts should rather be directed on programs of longer duration. This would, for instance, speak for a re-orientation of some policies like those financing short seminars on venture creation for unemployed people. Originality/value – Using data from two different surveys, one from Belgium and one from Norway, this study raises questions about the sufficiency of the TPB.

Identification, intentions and entrepreneurial opportunities: an integrative process model

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee C. Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Entrepreneurial Behaviour ◽  
Integrative Process

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore one of the cognitive processes whereby persons develop intentions to enact entrepreneurial behaviours via exploring entrepreneurial identification as a significant influence on an individual’s intentions to recognise and exploit opportunities. Design/methodology/approach – In this conceptual paper, insights from Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour are utilised to develop propositions regarding the influence of entrepreneurial identification on intentions to search for opportunities and commit resources to exploiting opportunities. The role of two behavioural controls – entrepreneurial munificence and domain relevant knowledge – are discussed as influencing both an individual’s ability and desire to recognise and exploit opportunities. Opportunity recognition and exploitation are also suggested to reinforce an individual’s entrepreneurial identification, creating a recursive relationship between identification and entrepreneurial behaviour. Findings – The lack of insight into cognitive processes has contributed to what some have labelled the “death” of intentions research in entrepreneurship. In exploring identification, this study suggests that measuring identification – in place of attitudes toward entrepreneurship – may actually refine analytical models based on Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour. Originality/value – Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour has often been applied in entrepreneurial studies, but for the voluminous body of research devoted to intentions, little has delved into the cognitive processes whereby people develop intentions to entrepreneurial behaviours. This paper provides a conceptually unique marrying of identification with entrepreneurial intentions in an attempt to redress this gap in the entrepreneurship literature. This study also speculates as to how practitioners – educators, legislators or managers – might profitably use this study to guide their efforts to reinforce entrepreneurial behaviours in the classrooms, organisations and communities.

Missing entrepreneurs

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Aleksandrova ◽  
Christopher J. Gerry ◽  
Olga Verkhovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Entrepreneurial Action

Purpose Compared with other emerging and former command economies, Russia has low levels of entrepreneurial activity and exceptionally low levels of reported entrepreneurial intentions. Drawing on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), this paper aims to examine the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions in Russia. Design/methodology/approach Using individual level data from two waves (2013 and 2018) of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey, the paper presents a range of semi-nonparametric logistic regressions estimating the determinants of reported entrepreneurial intention among the Russian adult population not already engaged in entrepreneurial activity. These data allow for the first empirical exploration of the TPB in the Russian context. Findings The results provide evidence in support of two (“attitudes” and “perceived behavioural control”), from three, origins of the theory of planned behaviour. Firstly, positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship, in the form of employment seeking and direct (own experience) or indirect (experience through social networks) entrepreneurial knowledge are both positively associated with intention. Secondly, individuals who consider their environment to be conducive to entrepreneurship and who believe they have the knowledge and skills required to be entrepreneurs are more likely to intend entrepreneurial action. Originality/value In view of the limited entrepreneurial activity and low levels of reported entrepreneurial intention in Russia, it is important to understand the drivers of these intentions if the appropriate policy responses are to be identified and adopted. This research represents the first substantive efforts to comprehensively examine the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions for Russia and allows us to propose several policy relevant conclusions.

Exploring antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions among females in an emerging economy

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jabir Ali ◽  
Sana Shabir ◽  
Ateeque Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Government

PurposeThis paper aims at identifying the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions among females in India using the theory of planned behaviour.Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on the Adult Population Survey (APS) of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), which has covered 1,683 female respondents from India. The data has been analysed using simple techniques such as chi-square statistics and logistics regression. The antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions have been identified using the theory of planned behaviour.FindingsAbout 20% of the adult females have reported intention for starting an entrepreneurial venture in the country. A significant relationship emerged between the demographics of females with and without intention towards entrepreneurship. The results showed that there is a positive and significant effect of attitudes towards the behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control to the entrepreneurial intentions among females.Practical implicationsThis paper provides insights on factors affecting entrepreneurial intention among females and helps in developing a policy framework for promoting new ventures among female entrepreneurs. This also explores the possibility of future research on entrepreneurial intention in the Indian context.Originality/valueConsidering the current focus of the government in India for promoting new ventures, this piece of research can be valuable for different stakeholders in adopting a gender-based approach in implementing inclusive entrepreneurial initiatives.

Conflict handling styles as predictors of entrepreneurial intentions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gentrit Berisha ◽  
Besnik Krasniqi ◽  
Justina Shiroka-Pula ◽  
Enver Kutllovci
Keyword(s):  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Business Managers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unexplored Area ◽  
Conflict Handling ◽  
Human Resource Interventions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the relationship between conflict handling styles (CHS) of business managers in their entrepreneurial intentions (EI). The business manager’s propensity to become entrepreneurs is a relatively unexplored area of research. The relationship between conflict handling style and entrepreneurial intention is under-researched, particularly in a developing country like Kosovo. Design/methodology/approach A self-report questionnaire containing measures of conflict handing style, entrepreneurial intention and demographics was delivered to business managers in Kosovo. Findings Forcing style has a positive and statistically significant relationship with entrepreneurial intention. Yielding, compromising, problem solving and avoiding have weak and insignificant effects on EI. Research limitations/implications The relationship between conflict handling styles of managers and their entrepreneurial intention is investigated. No situational, organizational or environmental factor was considered influencing this relationship. Practical implications Conflict management is important in predicting the entrepreneurial intention of managers. Organizations should design human resource interventions aimed at effective team composition and employee retention to ensure performance. Originality/value This is the first study to investigate the relationship between conflict handling style and entrepreneurial intention using a manager sample. Furthermore, it is the first study of conflict handling styles and entrepreneurial intention of managers in Kosovo.

scholarly journals Food neophobia and ethnic food consumption intention

2016 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. 2781-2797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiram Ting ◽  
Ernest Cyril de Run ◽  
Jun-Hwa Cheah ◽  
Francis Chuah
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Subjective Norm ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Food Neophobia ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Ethnic Food ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to serve as groundwork to investigate the determinants of ethnic food consumption intention in the context of developing markets. Using the theory of planned behaviour as the underlying basis, it is aimed to explain the effect of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behaviour control on consumption intention towards Dayak food. Since Dayak food is relatively unfamiliar compared to conventional food in Malaysia, food neophobia is incorporated into the model so as to assess its moderation effect on every postulated relationship. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative approach via self-administered questionnaire was adopted. In all, 300 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to non-Dayak Malaysians, and 211 usable copies were subsequently collected, suggesting that non-response bias was not a major issue. A post hoc Harman single-factor analysis was also performed to ensure the variance in the data was not explained by one single factor, thus addressing the common method bias. Structural equation modelling using partial least squares approach was then utilized to assess the relationships of variables under investigation and the moderation effect of food neophobia. Findings After ensuring the data have acceptable reliability and validity, structural model assessment was performed to test the hypotheses. The findings show that attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control all have positive effect on consumption intention of non-Dayak Malaysians towards Dayak food. However, food neophobia is only found to have a moderation effect on the relationship between subjective norm and consumption intention. Research limitations/implications First, the sample is largely consisted of college and university students in Malaysia who are believed to be more daring to try new things, including new food. Second and more importantly, the dearth of literature and empirical studies on Dayak food and ethnic food in Malaysia might have actually pointed to the limitation in using only quantitative questionnaire in the study. As salient beliefs are the antecedents in the theory of planned behaviour, knowing consumers’ specific beliefs about Dayak food would have provided a more detailed and comprehensive understanding of consumption intention and the moderating effect of food neophobia. Practical implications The moderation effect of food neophobia on the relationship between subjective norm and consumption intention towards Dayak food implies the importance of recommendations and favourable word-of-mouth from the significant ones, such as family members and peers, to make people willing to try and consume it. This corresponds to earlier findings pertaining to the collectivistic culture in Malaysia. Unlike countries with individualistic cultures, Malaysians tend to conform to the consumption choices of significant others. This implies that those whom they hold in high regard, are able to influence them both positively and negatively through their advice or opinions. Originality/value The present study has not only extended the use of theory of planned behaviour in the context of Dayak food consumption intention in a developing country, but it has also deepened the theory by incorporating food neophobia as the moderator to provide additional theoretical explanation to ethnic food consumption intention. Given the wealth of Asian culture, and its significant role in the global marketplace, the understanding of ethnic food consumption intention of the local and foreign consumers using the extended theory of planned behaviour would contribute knowledge not only to consumer behaviour, but also to food and service industry and tourism.

PENGARUH THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR TERHADAP ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION MAHASISWA DI TANGERANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Zoel Hutabarat
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
College Level ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Personal Attitude ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Young Entrepreneurs

The trend of young entrepreneurs coming from students is growing and this is in line with government programs that want to introduce and create resilient young entrepreneurs from an early age. When on campus, the desire of students to build a business is huge. But when they return to the community, the number of students who want to build a business is not as big as when they were in college. This study wants to look at the impact of the presence of entrepreneurship programs at the college level on entrepreneurial intentions on students. Can the program increase the desire of students to become entrepreneurs? This research was conducted by distributing questionnaires to as many as 200 students at three private universities in Tangerang who have an entrepreneurship program and the data collected were processed using SEM PLS 3. The results of this study indicate that the variables of personal attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm, affect entrepreneurial Student intentions at the three universities studied. This can be the basis for universities to develop existing entrepreneurship programs to enhance student creativity. Not only facilitating students with exhibition programs, but also providing students with the tools to be more creative and innovative, not only in product development but also in the process of experiencing consumers.   Key Words: Theory of Planned Behaviour, Entrepreneurial Iintention, Students.

scholarly journals University Students’ Behaviour towards Entrepreneurial Intention in Ecuador: Testing for the Influence of Gender

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Rodriguez-Gutierrez ◽  
Luis Javier Cabeza-Ramírez ◽  
Guzmán Antonio Muñoz-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Behavioural Control ◽  
Institutional Barriers ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Perceived Behavioural Control ◽  
Personal Attitudes

While the current global context of successive economic and health crises are punishing the economies of different countries in the world, it is particularly relevant to explore the business intentions of young university students, as potential entrepreneurs of opportunity. This matter is of the utmost importance, as it helps to facilitate the implementation of measures that can ensure the future recovery of the economy and the creation of new businesses. The objective of this paper is to study the institutional and psychological antecedents of entrepreneurial intention and the role of gender. The theory of planned behaviour is applied to assess how personal attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control can affect students′ intention of becoming an entrepreneur. In addition, organizational support and institutional barriers are tested as potentially significant antecedents of entrepreneurial intention, along with the influence of gender. The research carried out was based on survey responses from a sample of 740 students of economics, communications, and education at an Ecuadorian university. The research propositions were tested using a partial least squares approach. Results indicate that behaviour towards entrepreneurship does not change in relation to gender. In addition, personal attitudes and perceived behavioural control regarding entrepreneurship are positively related to students′ entrepreneurial intention. Organizational support is also found to be important for generating entrepreneurial intention. The paper adds to the current knowledge base on entrepreneurial intention by analysing the individual and joint influence of the principal elements of the theory of planned behaviour, as well as organizational support and institutional barriers on entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, the research provides a useful perspective on the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention in an unexplored context such as Ecuador, by responding to the call focusing on entrepreneurial intention in different regions, cultures, and contexts.

scholarly journals The influence of sex and gender-role orientation in the decision to become an entrepreneur

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Perez-Quintana ◽  
Esther Hormiga ◽  
Joan Carles Martori ◽  
Rafa Madariaga
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Business Administration ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Gender Role Orientation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between sex, gender-role orientation (GRO) and the decision to become an entrepreneur. Because of the fact that gender stereotypes have influences on the preferences and choices of individuals in their career, this research proposes the following objectives: to determine the existence of gender stereotypes that have an influence on human behaviour and specially in this research context; to measure the GRO of each individual; and, finally, to analyze the relationship between the entrepreneurial intention, the sex and the GRO of participants. Design/methodology/approach Based on a questionnaire, this study follows the Bem Sex-Role Inventory methodology to perform an analysis by means of the multiple regression model. This study uses two different samples of 760 students who attend business administration and management undergraduate programs. Findings The outcomes show that GRO is a better predictor of the decision to become an entrepreneur than biological sex. Moreover, the results for the whole sample confirm the relationship between masculine and androgynous GRO with entrepreneurial intention, whereas there is also evidence of feminine GRO when we consider only women. Research limitations/implications In line with previous studies that link GRO and entrepreneurship, in this paper, the authors have analyzed business administration students’ view to draw conclusions. The next step is to apply the gender perspective to advance in the analysis of the features that characterize business managers. Likewise, it is interesting to continue the study of gender social construction in entrepreneurship focusing on the discourse used by entrepreneurs or in the media. Practical implications The conclusions of this study are relevant for educators and trainers of future entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurial archetype evolves from masculinity to androgyny. This may help women entrepreneurial intentions. Emphasizing androgynous traits is a way to disable male stereotype domination and threat. This possibility is open, not only for educators who have the ability to improve this perception but also for media, advertising companies and women to push and value female entrepreneurship. Social implications The implicit dynamism in GROs leads to the possibility of changes in workplace views and especially in entrepreneurship as a career option. In this way, it is possible that the general belief that the company owners are men may change. Improving women entrepreneurs’ social visibility, which acts as “role models” may increase female entrepreneur intention. Moreover, emphasis on the androgynous entrepreneur traits in forums at different levels of education, in entrepreneur training activities, will certainly increase the women entrepreneur intention if they perceive they have positively valued traits for entrepreneurship. Originality/value Selecting 31 items related with the entrepreneur person, this work tests empirically their gender categorization. This procedure allows to measure participants’ GRO following the four gender categories and classify them by sex. Finally, the authors analyze the influence the GRO and sex exert over entrepreneurial intention and provide empirical evidence in favour that GRO is a more robust variable to predict entrepreneurial intention than sex, and androgynous GRO is the most influential category on entrepreneurial intention.

Muslims’ willingness to pay for certified halal food: an extension of the theory of planned behaviour

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Iranmanesh ◽  
Maryam Mirzaei ◽  
Seyed Mehrshad Parvin Hosseini ◽  
Suhaiza Zailani
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Religious Commitment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Halal Food ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extent the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), when extended by self-identity and religious commitment (RC), and is able to predict Muslim consumers’ willingness to pay (WP) for certified halal food. Design/methodology/approach A survey of 277 Muslim consumers in Malaysia was conducted and the cross-sectional data were analysed using the partial least squares technique. Findings Attitude (ATT) and religious self-identity (RSI) were found to have a positive impact on WP for certified halal food. Additionally, RC has a positive effect on ATT and RSI and has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between perceived behavioural control and WP. Practical implications The findings can benefit halal food companies by offering an insight into the willingness of Muslim consumers to pay for certified halal food. Originality/value The findings contribute to the research on halal foods by illustrating the factors that determine Muslim consumers’ WP for certified halal food. This study also extends the understanding of the TPB to the halal food context.

From entrepreneurial intention to enterprise creation: the case of Estonia

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Kallas ◽  
Eve Parts
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Venture Creation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Enterprise Creation ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Real Action

Purpose The present paper aims to identify a set of cognitive and contextual characteristics that explain entrepreneurial intentions, actions and venture creation, thereby covering three successive stages of becoming an entrepreneur. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on entrepreneurship data from a self-reported online survey (n = 1,492) gathered among the Estonian population in 2017. The authors use an exploratory factor analysis to reduce initial survey responses about the external environment into latent factors. Linear regression models are applied to predict the determinants of entrepreneurial intention and actions, whereas the logit model is applied to find out the determinants of being or not being an entrepreneur. Findings Younger people, respondents with vocational education and the unemployed have a higher intention to start up. Men are more active than women in the second stage of taking real action, whereas middle-aged respondents and managers are less active. In the final stage of enterprise creation, men become more likely entrepreneurs, whereas younger people and those who do not have higher education become less likely entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial attitudes and competencies as preconditional factors of entrepreneurial readiness have a positive effect in all three stages. The role of motivation appeared to be controversial – it has a weak positive effect on the intention stage but a strong negative effect on the action stage, becoming insignificant in the final stage of becoming an entrepreneur. In the final stage, taking real action has the strongest positive effect. Regarding differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs have a more positive perception of the business environment and the ease of doing business, including the simplicity of entrepreneurship-related legislation. On the other hand, entrepreneurs are more skeptical about the availability of financial resources, and they perceive public attitudes and the role of entrepreneurs in a society less positively. Research limitations/implications As data of this study originates from a survey, the sample may not represent the whole population. This might limit the extent to which the conclusions of this study can be generalized. Also, the study’s data do not enable us to consider all potential factors that may affect entrepreneurial intention, action and venture creation. For example, the authors do not consider the effect of income or differences between opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship because of data limitations. Practical implications This study focuses on environmental obstacles and individual restrictions that are important in different stages of becoming an entrepreneur. In terms of policy implications, providing better financing opportunities both from private and public institutions and keeping entrepreneurship legislation simple and transparent have the utmost importance in increasing the share of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship-related benefits in society. The younger population’s high entrepreneurial intentions should be transferred more effectively into real actions toward starting up, paired with supportive entrepreneurship education. Social implications The study results show that developing positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship and providing relevant competencies through the education system are relevant factors in all stages of becoming an entrepreneur, thus enabling entrepreneurial activities in society. Originality/value First, the authors investigate the factors of entrepreneurship separately during the three stages in the journey of becoming an entrepreneur, starting from intentions, followed by preparation actions and finalized by real enterprise creation. Second, the analysis of this study is based on the original Environment-Readiness Entrepreneurship Intention model, which emphasizes the role of the external environment in entrepreneurial processes. Ten factors of the external environment are extracted using exploratory analysis instead of using three traditional predefined factors of the economic, political and socio-cultural environment. Third, our focus on Estonia broadens the knowledge about entrepreneurship in the Central and Eastern European region in general and in the Baltic region, more specifically.

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