Does remittance protect the household from catastrophic health expenditure in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-493
Author(s):  
Milan Das ◽  
Kaushalendra Kumar ◽  
Junaid Khan
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
National Council ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Catastrophic Health Spending

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamic nature of the catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) on remittances receiving households between 2005 and 2012 in India. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted Xu’s (2005) definition of catastrophic health-care expenditure. And also used binary logistic regression to examine the effects of remittances being received on CHE in households across India. The data were drawn from the two rounds of the India Human Development Survey conducted by the University of Maryland, the USA, and the National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi, India. Findings The results show that the percentage of households received remittances, and that the amount of remittances received has substantially increased during 2005 and 2012, though variation is evident by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the household. Apparently, the variation (percentage of households received remittances) is more pronounced for factors such as household size, number of 60+ elderly, sectors and by regions. Household’s catastrophic health spending and remittances being received show a statistically significant association. Households which received remittances during both the time showed the lowest likelihood (AOR:0.82; p-value < 0.10; 95% CI:0.64–1.03) to experience catastrophic health spending. Originality/value The paper identified the research gap to examine the occurrence of catastrophic health spending by remittances receiving status of the household using a novel panel data set.

scholarly journals The choices and consequences of seeking care for chronic conditions for disadvantaged populations in Malaysia and the Philippines

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Palafox
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Antihypertensive Medications ◽  
Disadvantaged Populations ◽  
Catastrophic Health Spending ◽  
Medication Costs

Abstract Disadvantaged populations in LMICs suffering from chronic conditions are often forced to make care choices that increase the risk of receiving substandard care and facing catastrophic bills. These negative impacts widen health disparities across social, economic and urban-rural lines. This study aimed to understand the economic consequences of the choices made by those living with NCD in disadvantaged communities in Malaysia and the Philippines. Using hypertension as a tracer condition, we analysed longitudinal data from surveys of 1200 hypertensive adults from low-income communities in both countries to estimate the prevalence and drivers of catastrophic health expenditure and the coping strategies employed. Interviews and digital diary data from a sub-sample of 80 participants was analysed thematically to elicit how such choices lead to sub-optimal management of their condition. More Filipino households with at least one hypertensive adult experienced catastrophic health spending (40% threshold) than in Malaysia (14.3% vs. 0.4%). Although the average cost of clinic visits in the Philippines was much higher than what was observed in the public sector-dominated system in Malaysia, consultation fees were main drivers of costs in Malaysia, while medication costs predominated in the Philippines (accounting for 38.6% and 70.5% of typical household health expenditure respectively). In both countries, nearly all diagnosed participants were taking antihypertensive medications, however, levels of adherence varied. Participants cited the unavailability, cost and adverse effects of antihypertensives as reasons for poor adherence, delaying treatment and substituting prescriptions. Understanding the barriers faced by disadvantaged populations in LMICs and the ways that they overcome them as they seek care for a chronic disorder may challenge the assumptions of decision makers, and is crucial for designing responsive and equitable health systems that leave none behind.

Financial distress determinants among SMEs: empirical evidence from Sweden

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darush Yazdanfar ◽  
Peter Öhman
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to empirically investigate determinants of financial distress among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) during the global financial crisis and post-crisis periods.Design/methodology/approachSeveral statistical methods, including multiple binary logistic regression, were used to analyse a longitudinal cross-sectional panel data set of 3,865 Swedish SMEs operating in five industries over the 2008–2015 period.FindingsThe results suggest that financial distress is influenced by macroeconomic conditions (i.e. the global financial crisis) and, in particular, by various firm-specific characteristics (i.e. performance, financial leverage and financial distress in previous year). However, firm size and industry affiliation have no significant relationship with financial distress.Research limitationsDue to data availability, this study is limited to a sample of Swedish SMEs in five industries covering eight years. Further research could examine the generalizability of these findings by investigating other firms operating in other industries and other countries.Originality/valueThis study is the first to examine determinants of financial distress among SMEs operating in Sweden using data from a large-scale longitudinal cross-sectional database.

scholarly journals Catastrophic Household Expenditure for Healthcare in Turkey: Clustering Analysis of Categorical Data

Data ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Onur Dogan ◽  
Gizem Kaya ◽  
Aycan Kaya ◽  
Hidayet Beyhan
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
National Income ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Catastrophic Expenditure ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Expenditure Rate ◽  
Type Property ◽  
Similarity And Difference

The amount of health expenditure at the household level is one of the most basic indicators of development in countries. In many countries, health expenditure increases relative to national income. If out-of-pocket health spending is higher than the income or too high, this indicates an economical alarm that causes a lower life standard, called catastrophic health expenditure. Catastrophic expenditure may be affected by many factors such as household type, property status, smoking and drinking alcohol habits, being active in sports, and having private health insurance. The study aims to investigate households with respect to catastrophic health expenditure by the clustering method. Clustering enables one to see the main similarity and difference between the groups. The results show that there are significant and interesting differences between the five groups. C4 households earn more but spend less money on health problems by the rate of 3.10% because people who do physical exercises regularly have fewer health problems. A household with a family with one adult, landlord and three people in total (mother or father and two children) in the cluster C5 earns much money and spends large amounts for health expenses than other clusters. C1 households with elementary families with three children, and who do not pay rent although they are not landlords have the highest catastrophic health expenditure. Households in C3 have a rate of 3.83% health expenditure rate on average, which is higher than other clusters. Households in the cluster C2 make the most catastrophic health expenditure.

Effective local government council leadership: reassessing the facilitative model of leadership

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Dzordzormenyoh
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Board Effectiveness ◽  
Facilitative Leadership ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Cooperative Relationships ◽  
Clarity Of Responsibility ◽  
Cooperative Relationship

PurposeThis paper utilizes Svara's facilitative leadership model to examine local government council/board effectiveness in Michigan, United States.Design/methodology/approachThis study performs a binary logistic regression to assess the influence of four independent variables–consensus building, cooperative relationship, clarity of responsibility and existence of factions/partisanship on five measures of council/board effectiveness (long-term goal setting, administrative, financial, addressing citizen expectations and overall performance), while controlling for other variables.FindingsOverall, the findings of this study have serious theoretical and practical implications. Specifically, the findings revealed that cooperative relationships, clarity of responsibility, discussion of public issues and partnership influence council/board effectiveness. The findings further support Svara's (2003) model on facilitative leadership and the model's usefulness in understanding local government leadership, i.e. council/board leadership effectiveness.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, survey data contains desirability bias which can affect the results presented in this study. Second, the data does not include socio-demographic variables of the respondents.Originality/valueThe study is original because it utilizes a data set that is not commonly used in understanding local government council/board effectiveness. Furthermore, the study also shows the usefulness of Svara's facilitative leadership in local government.

Immigrants’ socio-economic achievements and cultural diversity

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 712-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Tubadji ◽  
Masood Gheasi ◽  
Peter Nijkamp
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Type Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Migrant Background ◽  
Cultural Milieu

Purpose An interest in social transmission as a source of welfare and income inequality in a society has re-emerged recently with new vigour in leading economic research (see Piketty, 2014). This paper presents a mixed Bourdieu-Mincer (B-M) type micro-economic model which provides a testable mechanism for culturally biased socio-economic inter-generational transmission. In particular, the operationalisation of this mixed B-M type model seeks to find evidence for individual and local cultural capital effects on the economic achievements, in addition to the human capital effect, for both migrants and locals in the Netherlands. The purpose of this paper is to examine two sources of wage differential in the local labour market, namely: individual cultural capital (approximated by immigrant background), which affects schooling results; and the local cultural capital (approximated with the cultural milieu), which directly biases the selection of employees. Design/methodology/approach The study utilises the 2007-2009 data set for higher professional education (in Dutch termed HBO) graduates registered in the Maastricht database. The Mincer-type equation is augmented with a control variable for the local cultural milieu. The authors cope with this model empirically by means of 2SLS and 3SLS methods. Findings The authors find convincing evidence for the existence of both an individual cultural capital and a local cultural capital effect on schooling and wage differentials. This can be interpreted as a migrant background effect leading to a disadvantaged position on the labour market due to less frequently attending high-quality secondary schools. Originality/value More importantly, the authors find evidence for a classical Myrdalian effect of self-fulfilling prophecy, in which graduates with second-generation migrant background have a disadvantaged position due to access only to poorer quality of schooling.

Resource-based view of innovation activity in SMEs: an empirical analysis based on the global competitiveness project

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia Lukovszki ◽  
András Rideg ◽  
Norbert Sipos
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resources And Capabilities ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the corporate functions that contribute most to the innovation success of SMEs with limited resources. After a systematic literature review, the authors used a unique primary data set of 784 SMEs from eight countries. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to show the data set peculiarities. The logistic regression targeted the presence of innovative products and services in sales by 11 dummy variables and 4 principal factors describing SMEs’ different resources and capabilities. Design/methodology/approach The authors developed a resource-based product innovation model that is synthesising the impact of the company resources and capabilities and of the innovation activity of the company on the actual innovation performance. The authors carry out an empirical analysis of the characteristic features of innovation activity in an international sample of SMEs. Findings The results show that two corporate functions play a crucial role in the effectiveness of innovation for SMEs as follows: management and research and development (R&D). In addition, although of lesser importance, the effect of the marketing function also appears significant. The binary logistic regression had 84.2% of explanatory power. Originality/value From a scientific point of view, the SME-focussed, complex and synthesising RBV model of innovation construction and literature review can be used as a reference point for future researches. From a practical point of view, the analysis is useful for those SMEs, which want to gain a competitive advantage through innovation. Indeed, the results show that in the case of SMEs, a company wishing to innovate must invest in three corporate functions for innovation to be effective as follows: management, R&D and marketing.

Scoring goals in multiple fields

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petros Parganas ◽  
Roman Liasko ◽  
Christos Anagnostopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Professional Team Sports ◽  
Football Clubs

Purpose Professional football clubs currently strive for a number of concurrent goals, ranging from on-field success to profit maximization to fan expansion and engagement. The purpose of this paper, theoretically informed by the social penetration theory, is to analyze the economics behind such goals and examine the association between team performance, commercial success, and social media followers in professional team sports. Design/methodology/approach A data set relating to 20 European professional football clubs that combines financial (revenues and costs), sporting, and digital-reach measures for three consecutive football seasons (2013/2014 to 2015/2016) was used. In addition, to elaborate on this data in terms of a descriptive study, the study constructs a range of correlation statistical tests and linear modeling techniques to obtain quantitative results. Findings The results indicate that all the three main sources of club revenues (match-day, commercial/sponsorship, and broadcasting) are positive drivers for Facebook followers. Staff investments (staff costs) are also positively related to Facebook followers, albeit to a lesser extent, while higher-ranked clubs seem to follow a constant approach in terms of their revenues and cost structure. Originality/value This study seeks to bridge the communication and sport economic research, providing evidence that Facebook followers are part of the cyclical phenomenon of team revenues and team performance. In doing so, it initiates a debate on the relationship between the digital expansion of a football club and its sports and financial indicators.

Maternal incarceration penalty: an examination of the effect of maternal conviction and incarceration on childhood delinquency

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen N. Sobba ◽  
Brenda Prochaska ◽  
Emily Berthelot
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Delinquent Behavior ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Low Self Control ◽  
Property Destruction ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Several studies have reported the impact of paternal incarceration and criminal behavior on childhood delinquency; however, fewer studies have addressed the influence of maternal criminality on children’s behavioral outcomes. Integrating self-control and attachment theoretical frameworks, the purpose of this paper is to address the impact of mothers who have been stopped, arrested, convicted, and incarcerated in relation to their children’s delinquent behavior. Design/methodology/approach The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing data set was used to better understand this relationship. By using binary logistic regression, two types of delinquent behavior were assessed: destroying property and fighting. Findings The results revealed that mothers’ criminal behavior affected children’s fighting tendencies but did not significantly impact children’s tendency to destroy property. Furthermore, certain childhood antisocial traits and demographic characteristics revealed to also impact children’s delinquent behavior. From the results, implications and prevention strategies were drawn describing techniques to combat delinquency. Originality/value This research lays a foundation for future researchers to explore mother-child attachment and the transmission of low self-control from mother to child in relation to criminality. The current research is one of the first studies to specifically address how maternal criminal behavior affects their children’s tendency to engage in delinquency, specifically examining property destruction and fighting.

scholarly journals Inequity of healthcare access and use and catastrophic health spending in slum communities: a retrospective, cross-sectional survey in four countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. e007265
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Country Level

IntroductionTracking the progress of universal health coverage (UHC) is typically at a country level. However, country-averages may mask significant small-scale variation in indicators of access and use, which would have important implications for policy choice to achieve UHC.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cross-sectional household and individual-level survey in seven slum sites across Nigeria, Kenya, Bangladesh and Pakistan. We estimated the adjusted association between household capacity to pay and report healthcare need, use and spending. Catastrophic health expenditure was estimated by five different methods.ResultsWe surveyed 7002 households and 6856 adults. Gini coefficients were wide, ranging from 0.32 to 0.48 across the seven sites. The total spend of the top 10% of households was 4–47 times more per month than the bottom 10%. Households with the highest budgets were: more likely to report needing care (highest vs lowest third of distribution of budgets: +1 to +31 percentage points (pp) across sites), to spend more on healthcare (2.0 to 6.4 times higher), have more inpatient and outpatient visits per year in five sites (1.0 to 3.0 times more frequently), spend more on drugs per visit (1.1 to 2.2 times higher) and were more likely to consult with a doctor (1.0 to 2.4 times higher odds). Better-off households were generally more likely to experience catastrophic health expenditure when calculated according to four methods (−1 to +12 pp), but much less likely using a normative method (−60 to −80 pp).ConclusionsSlums have a very high degree of inequality of household budget that translates into inequities in the access to and use of healthcare. Evaluation of UHC and healthcare access interventions targeting these areas should consider distributional effects, although the standard measures may be unreliable.

Multi-Layered Catastrophic Health Spending of Inpatient Women by Broad Group of Diseases in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 183-206
Author(s):  
Manali Swargiary ◽  
◽  
Hemkhothang Lhungdim ◽  
Mrinmoy Pratim Bharadwaz ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Catastrophic Health Spending ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments

Healthcare for Indian women needs prioritizing, as they continue to face social and economic discrimination over their healthcare, often with high out-of-pocket payments. The study examines the amount inpatient women have to pay for treatment of major diseases, re-classified into four groups as infectious, reproductive, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and disabilities & injuries, across the country to comprehend the extent of catastrophic health spending (CHS) they experienced. The study is based on India’s 75th round of the National Sample Survey (NSS), i.e., Household Social Consumption: Health (2017-2018), consisting of 26,938 inpatient women aged 12 and above from India's urban and rural areas. We examine the prevalence of the four categories of diseases by individual, household, community, and healthcare characteristics. Expenditure estimates were derived from cross-tabulation, followed by binary logistic regression to assess the association between covariates and inpatient expenditures for the diseases. Indian women are more likely to be hospitalized for infectious diseases (43%), but the burden of CHS (overall) is highest for disabilities and injuries (INR 24,414), followed by NCDs (INR 23,053). Duration of hospitalization and possession of health insurance by women indicate maximum variation with medical spending. Almost 97% of women have incurred out-of-pocket expenditure on hospitalization, from which we identify three layers of CHS. A substantial proportion of women (23 to 50%) experienced CHS, i.e., up to 0-10%, 11-30%, and >30%, which varies distinctively by place of residence and across the six regions. Covariates like age, economic status, and healthcare are highly significant and associated with disease-wise CHS thresholds. Women in India face divergent financial hardships for healthcare. Given the heterogeneity of morbidities and socio-economic characteristics, the need for women-sensitive public health services and interventions are evident.

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