Traditional institutions and female labor force participation

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arghya Kusum Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Household Resources ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Monotonicity Hypothesis ◽  
Traditional Norms

Purpose In general, the return from participation in MNREGA will be highest for those women whose mobility and social interaction is least impeded by conservative social norms. However, if any intervention enhances knowledge base, or challenges traditional norms of gender, then return from that intervention may be highest for those women impede most by conservative social norms. It may be interpreted as non-monotonic effect of restrictedness across caste and religion. The purpose of this paper is to examine non-monotonicity hypothesis of social restrictedness for the intervention MNREGA. Design/methodology/approach Using primary data from three districts of West Bengal, the paper has tried to see whether there exists any non-monotonic effect of restrictedness on household’s “expenditure on consumption,” “expenditure on temptation good,” “expenditure on women’s health” and “expenditure on children’s education and health” across castes and religion. The sample is relatively homogeneous in terms of socio economic status, but differs in affiliation to castes and religion. Findings As a result of participating the labor force through MNREGA, the contribution of women to household earnings increases, which may potentially increase their bargaining power within the household. The conventional notion is that women who are least fettered by social norms should get maximum benefits of participation in MNREGA. However, the analysis shows that women of upper caste (UC) community have been able to exercise the highest level of agency in allocating household resources compared to the women of scheduled caste community. It substantiates the non-monotonicity of restrictedness of social norms across castes and religions. Agency of Muslim women has not increased significantly compared to the UC women. Research limitations/implications The study suffers from usual limitations of sampling. Originality/value There is hardly any study deciphering MNREGA from the perspective of caste, religion and gender.

scholarly journals From Mill Town to Board Room: The Rise of Women's Paid Labor

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora L Costa
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Paid Labor ◽  
Board Room

The widespread participation of women in paid labor outside of the home and in the highest echelons of society would have been unheard of a century ago. This paper documents this dramatic change in women's social and economic status and argues that it was determined both by contemporaneous demand factors and by the characteristics, expectations, and social norms regarding work and family of different cohorts of women. History suggests that change in women's labor force experiences may be slow because it must await the entry of new cohorts of women (and also of men) into the labor market.

Why do costs act as a barrier in maternity care for some, but not all women? A qualitative study in rural Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 705-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibha Simkhada ◽  
Edwin R. van Teijlingen ◽  
Maureen Porter ◽  
Padam Simkhada ◽  
Sarada P. Wasti
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Household Resources ◽  
Use Of Services ◽  
Original Insight ◽  
Rural Nepal

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse cost as a barrier to the uptake of antenatal care (ANC) in rural Nepal amidst a variety of barriers and facilitators. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative study with face-to-face interviews were conducted with 50 ANC users and non-users participants. The setting is rural Nepal, some 20 kilometres outside the capital Kathmandu. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and translated into English and results were presented thematically. Findings – Cost was sometimes a barrier to seeking ANC for poor rural women. It included transport costs, opportunity costs of not being able to work in the household and service-related costs (such as blood or urine tests). The effect of cost as a barrier varied between women of different socio-economic status. Cost was a barrier to accessing ANC partly due to the women's lack of control over household resources. Social implications – It is important to consider cost in the wider socio-economic context of rural people's lives as financial costs alone do not explain the level of uptake of ANC. Originality/value – This study provides an original insight of women's experiences on financial issues relating to the use of ANC services in Nepal. Another important aspect of this study was approached with the multiple respondents (i.e. women, their husbands and their mothers-in-law) regarding the use of ANC and financial impact in the use of services. The findings of this study have important implications in health policy formation by providing clear picture of women's financial situation in access to ANC.

Investigating the impact of religious commitment on purchase of self-expressive brand products

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Maryam Mirkhah ◽  
Nasser Karami
Keyword(s):  
Religious Commitment ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brand Recall ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Target Consumer ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Brand and religion, although seemingly irrelevant, are sometimes considered as competitors in satisfying certain consumer needs. The purpose of this paper is to explore the link between religious commitment and purchase of self-expressive (SE) brand products in the context of the Iranian consumer market. Furthermore, this paper investigates the effect of religious commitment on consumers’ brand recall for Western versus local brand products. Design/methodology/approach Distributing questionnaires was used to collect primary data. Use of statistical techniques, specifically inferential and descriptive statistics were used through SPSS software. Findings Study 1 findings support that there is a strong link between religious commitment and purchase of SE brand products; the more the consumers’ religiosity, the less their preference for SE brand products. The results of Study 2 illustrate that there is no meaningful link between the religious commitment of individuals and their brand recall for Western products. Furthermore, there are key correlations between religious commitment and gender and also between brand purchase and age and brand purchase and income. Research limitations/implications The results help domestic and international marketers form a better understanding of consumers’ behavior regarding SE brand products and brand recall depending on consumers’ religious commitment. The findings also assist marketers and brand managers in designing more effective advertisements and branding strategies based on their chosen target consumer market. Originality/value Little research has examined the relationship between religiosity and its effect on the purchase of brand products; this is the first academic study analyzing the effect of commitment to Islam on purchase behavior of SE brand products in the context of the Islamic consumer market.

Rebellious eating: older women misbehaving through indulgence

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-594
Author(s):  
Emily M. Moscato ◽  
Julie L. Ozanne
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Personal Narratives ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Present Part ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Supportive Community

Purpose Food rituals are an ever present part of consumers’ lives that have practical implications for well-being. This paper aims to explore how food and its relationship to pleasure evolve, as women navigate social norms around gender and aging. Design/methodology/approach Ethnographic data were collected using in-depth interviews and participant observations of members of the Red Hat Society (RHS) across 27 months. This approach provided a more nuanced perspective on how food experiences shape consumption rituals and communal ties over time. Findings Older women in the RHS eat rebelliously when they break social norms of gender and aging by indulging together in food and drink. Their rituals of rebellious eating have implications on well-being, heightening their experiential pleasure of food and conviviality and forging social support and a sense of community. The dark side of personal indulgence is explored within a larger framework of food well-being. Originality/value This study shows how older women challenge social expectations around age and gender through food pleasure rituals. The concept of rebellious eating is introduced to conceptualize how these older women rethink aging and indulgence within a supportive community of consumption and integrate the concepts into their personal narratives.

scholarly journals Gender and class distinction in travel behavior: evidence from India

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taru Saigal ◽  
Arun Kr. Vaish ◽  
N.V. Muralidhar Rao
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Indian City ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Motorized Vehicles

Purpose This paper aims to examine the gender differences in various measures of travel behavior for a large-sized Indian city, taking into account the existing class differences. Design/methodology/approach Stratified random sampling technique is used to collect primary data for travel behavior. The collected data is then differentiated on the basis of socioeconomic characteristics and gender. Descriptive statistics are used for analysis. Findings The findings confirm that, women mostly walk and men use motorized vehicles. With an improvement in socioeconomic status, women switch over to public transport and men continue to ride motorized vehicles. While the number of women making everyday trips declines with a rise in socioeconomic status, the number of men rises. Research limitations/implications The study points out at the need for development of an adequate infrastructure of nonmotorized transport and public transport in the city which attends to not only the issue of environmental quality but also of women’s empowerment. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time a comprehensive analysis of differences in travel behavior between men and women on the basis of socioeconomic status is carried out in this region. This analysis will facilitate the policy makers in understanding the inconsistencies in transport demand between the two groups of population.

Women empowerment: new paradigm shift of Saudi women into labor workforce

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Musrrat Parveen
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Saudi Women ◽  
And Gender

Purpose The purpose of this study is to emphasize on women empowerment that leads to a new paradigm shift of Saudi woman into labor force. This study also outlines how Saudi Government has formulated several policies and reforms to empower women in the workplace, especially gender equality. Also, this study will discourse a clear idea on numerous measures initiated by Saudi Government on how to empower Saudi women in the labor force and what would be the impact of women empowerment and gender equality on Saudi economy. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology has undertaken the Saudi feminization approach that emphasizes solely on uplifting women empowerment within the context of social changes that are arising in Saudi Arabia. The data analyzed comes from the primary data statistics report that depicts 10 years of data from general authority for statistics (GaStat) for the period ranging from 2010–2016 (Q2) and 2016 –2020 along with global gender gap index (GGGI) for the period of 2006, 2017 and 2020. Additionally, data was considered from the latest articles, Saudi news, statistics revealed by “Pew Research Center,” international labor organization (ILO, 2020), which depicts the involvement of Saudi women at international level. Findings The data were analyzed from GaStat for the period ranging from 2010–2016 (Q2) and 2016–2020 along with GGGI for the period of 2006, 2017 and 2020 that has shown drastic changes in inspiring Saudi women empowerment pertaining to the labor market, the educational field, economic participation and gender equality. The most interesting point was that the total Saudi employed persons, especially males are double of females’ ratio. It depicts that until Q3 and Q4, 2018 females were still facing unemployment phase and their economic participation was less in comparison with male Saudis. However, there found to have a new paradigm shift; rising of Saudi women in various sectors in the year 2019 where unemployment decreased to 5.7%, labor force participation at 58.8%. Social implications Saudi Arabia is stringing very hard to develop its economy over the next decade and beyond and have strong-minded to strengthen the contribution of women to development of society and economy. Currently, Saudi women have found ample job opportunities welcoming them in various sectors. Furthermore, they can work in numerous professions and fields that were formerly limited to men. According to Leyal Khalife (2019, July 1) and the statistics released by “Pew Research Center,” Saudi Arabia has experienced the highest growth rate – among G20 countries –of women joining the workforce in the past 20 years. The data revealed that women accounted for 23% of Saudi’s workforce in 2018 – a rise of 7% increase since 2018. Finally, today Saudi Arabia has shown the highest growth rate among G20 states, including Australia, Germany, Brazil and others. Originality/value The latest reforms emphasizes on minimizing the gender gap and inspire young girls to build a career path. This procedure specifies that Saudi female should formulate their tactics and approaches to encounter gender disparity and attain social fairness and equality not specific to education only but consider all the matters of life pertaining to context of male-dominating societies.

scholarly journals A comparison and decomposition of reform‐era labor force participation rates of China's ethnic minorities and Han majority

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Maurer‐Fazio ◽  
James W. Hughes ◽  
Dandan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Content Type

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to examine observed differences in China's ethnic majority and minority patterns of labor force participation and to decompose these differences into treatment and endowment effects.Design/methodology/approachData from the three most recent population censuses of China are employed to explore differences in the labor force participation rates of a number of China's important ethnic groups. Gender‐separated urban labor force participation rates are estimated using logit regressions, controlling for educational attainment, marital status, pre‐school and school‐age children, household size, age, and measures of local economic conditions. The focus is on the experience of six minority groups (Hui, Koreans, Manchu, Mongolians, Uygurs, and Zhuang) in comparison to the majority Han. The technique developed by Borooah and Iyer is adopted to decompose the differences in labor force participation rates between pairs of ethnic groups into treatment and endowment effects.FindingsSizeable differences are found between the labor force participation rates of prime‐age urban women of particular ethnic groups and the majority Han. Men's participation rates are very high (above 95 percent) and exhibit little difference between Han and ethnic minorities. For almost all pairwise comparisons between Han and ethnic women, it is found that differences in coefficients account for more than 100 percent of the Han‐ethnic difference in labor force participation. Differences in endowments often have substantial effects in reducing this positive Han margin in labor force participation. Roughly speaking, treatment of women's characteristics, whether in the market or socially, tend to increase the Han advantage in labor force participation. The levels of these characteristics on average tend to reduce this Han advantage.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper analyses only one aspect of the economic status of China's ethnic minorities – labor force participation. It would be useful also to examine income, educational attainment, occupational attainment, and unemployment.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to and expands the scant literature on ethnicity in China's economic transition.

Personality's Correlates of Adult Development and Aging

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Vittorio Caprara ◽  
Mariagiovanna Caprara ◽  
Patrizia Steca
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Efficacy Beliefs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Development And Aging ◽  
And Gender

Three cross-sectional studies examined stability and change in personality over the course of life by measuring the relations linking age to personality traits, self-efficacy beliefs, values, and well-being in large samples of Italian male and female participants. In each study, relations between personality and age were examined across several age groups ranging from young adulthood to old age. In each study, personality constructs were first examined in terms of mean group differences accrued by age and gender and then in terms of their correlations with age across gender and age groups. Furthermore, personality-age correlations were also calculated, controlling for the demographic effects accrued by marital status, education, and health. Findings strongly indicated that personality functioning does not necessarily decline in the later years of life, and that decline is more pronounced in males than it is in females across several personality dimensions ranging from personality traits, such as emotional stability, to self-efficacy beliefs, such as efficacy in dealing with negative affect. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for personality theory and social policy.

Evaluation of the Degree of Dental Anxiety in a Lot of Patients Altered in Young Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 689-692
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Raftu ◽  
Elena-Claudia Sin ◽  
Aureliana Caraiane ◽  
Steliana Gabriela Bustiuc ◽  
Raluca Briceag
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Dental Anxiety ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Statistical Relationships ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Age Range

The study aims at identifying and highlighting dental anxiety in a group of young adults, analyzing patients� concerns about the main dental treatment procedures, and establishing statistical relationships between anxiety and gender, the background, level of education, socio-economic status and knowledge of habits of care and hygiene of oral cavity characteristic of the studied group. The study group consists of 150 female (50%) and male (50%) patients , aged between 20 and 40 years. The inclusion criteria in the batch were those related to the age range of 20 to 40 years.Two respondents (Corah�s Dental Anxiety Scale, Revised (DAS-R)) were given two questionnaires ( Corah�s Dental Anxiety Scale, DAS-R), and the second questionnaire contained 7 questions about the habits dental care). Most patients� concerns about the main procedures of dental treatment / other concerns are: dental extraction, material expenses, possibility of treatments and shame she felt oppressed health of the oral cavity. Regardless of the level of dental anxiety, the oral cavity hygiene habits are not properly performed by patients, with an increased tendency for them to be disregarded by patients with severe dental anxiety.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document