scholarly journals From Mill Town to Board Room: The Rise of Women's Paid Labor

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora L Costa
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Paid Labor ◽  
Board Room

The widespread participation of women in paid labor outside of the home and in the highest echelons of society would have been unheard of a century ago. This paper documents this dramatic change in women's social and economic status and argues that it was determined both by contemporaneous demand factors and by the characteristics, expectations, and social norms regarding work and family of different cohorts of women. History suggests that change in women's labor force experiences may be slow because it must await the entry of new cohorts of women (and also of men) into the labor market.

Social Norms, Choice, and Work

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christie Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
The Political ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gendered Division Of Labor

In modern liberal democracies, the gendered division of labor is partially the result of men and women making different choices about work and family life, even if such choices stem from social norms about gender. The choices that women make relative to men’s disadvantage them in various ways: such choices lead them to earn less, enjoy less power and prestige in the labor market, be less able to participate in the political sphere on an equal basis, make them to some degree financially dependent on others, and leave them at a bargaining disadvantage and vulnerable in certain personal relationships. This chapter considers if and when the state should intervene to address women’s disadvantage and inequalities that are the result of gender specialization. It is argued that political liberals can and sometimes must intervene in the gendered division of labor when persons’ interests as free and equal citizens are frustrated.

scholarly journals Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Beirut, 1990

1970 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Natalie Chekaibe
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
Economic Participation ◽  
Status Of Women

Although, universally, the most visible change in the economic status of women during the second half of the twentieth century has been the increase in their participation in the labor market, the Arab region is still characterized by very low female economic participation.

scholarly journals The impact of sectoral shifts on Dutch unmarried women’s labor force participation, 1812–1929

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Boter ◽  
Pieter Woltjer
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Sectoral Shifts ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract During the nineteenth century, Dutch female labor force participation (FLFP) was relatively low. Most scholars argue that social norms and rising wages were driving this development. However, their conclusions principally apply to married women. We study unmarried women’s LFP (UFLFP) and investigate a third driver: shifting sectoral employment shares. We include all three drivers in a logistic regression based on nearly 2 million marriage records from 1812 to 1929. We conclude that social norms and income levels mattered, but that shifting sectoral employment shares were driving the decline in UFLFP because sectors with low demand for female laborers expanded.

Traditional institutions and female labor force participation

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arghya Kusum Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Household Resources ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Monotonicity Hypothesis ◽  
Traditional Norms

Purpose In general, the return from participation in MNREGA will be highest for those women whose mobility and social interaction is least impeded by conservative social norms. However, if any intervention enhances knowledge base, or challenges traditional norms of gender, then return from that intervention may be highest for those women impede most by conservative social norms. It may be interpreted as non-monotonic effect of restrictedness across caste and religion. The purpose of this paper is to examine non-monotonicity hypothesis of social restrictedness for the intervention MNREGA. Design/methodology/approach Using primary data from three districts of West Bengal, the paper has tried to see whether there exists any non-monotonic effect of restrictedness on household’s “expenditure on consumption,” “expenditure on temptation good,” “expenditure on women’s health” and “expenditure on children’s education and health” across castes and religion. The sample is relatively homogeneous in terms of socio economic status, but differs in affiliation to castes and religion. Findings As a result of participating the labor force through MNREGA, the contribution of women to household earnings increases, which may potentially increase their bargaining power within the household. The conventional notion is that women who are least fettered by social norms should get maximum benefits of participation in MNREGA. However, the analysis shows that women of upper caste (UC) community have been able to exercise the highest level of agency in allocating household resources compared to the women of scheduled caste community. It substantiates the non-monotonicity of restrictedness of social norms across castes and religions. Agency of Muslim women has not increased significantly compared to the UC women. Research limitations/implications The study suffers from usual limitations of sampling. Originality/value There is hardly any study deciphering MNREGA from the perspective of caste, religion and gender.

scholarly journals Expanding the Analytical Capacities of the Labour Force Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
L. H. Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Labor Law ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Seasonal Adjustment ◽  
Labor Force Survey ◽  
The Status

The article formulates a number of recommendations on the areas of expanding the analytical capacities of the National Labor Force Survey with consideration to the European statistics and the needs of the current phase of labor reforms in Ukraine. The first area is about implementing the recommendations of the International Labor Organization No 198 “On Labor Relations” and the updated International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18), which are becoming critically important in view of the announced reform in labor law and liberalization of labor relations. As the Labor Force Survey is the only regular source of information collected from people about their actual status on the labor market, it is supposed to lay the basis for the statistical observation of the processes and implications of the labor relations reform. The program of the National Labor Force Survey has already included the major part of questions providing for the criteria for identifying the status in employment and determining the types of labor relations, but their formulations have to be adapted to the updated labor law.          The second area concerns with the deeper processing of the survey results. It is high time to implement seasonal adjustment for the indicators of employment and unemployment. Once the experimental development of Eurostat on the statistics of labor market flows is used, it will enable for analysis and forecasting of the status transitions (employment – unemployment – inactivity) considering the individual characteristics of respondents. The labor life expectancy, estimating one’s potential lifelong participation in the labor market, should be computed for analysis of the comprehensive impact of social and demographic change and interactions of life cycles.       The third area concerns with a more sensitive approach to vulnerable groups on the labor market. Due to the demographic change like reduction of the generations in working age and ageing of the population, all the potential reserves of the labor force need to be involved. A large part of them is associated with the groups that are regarded as vulnerable or the ones distanced from the labor market, which need additional measures for activation and support. To this end, it is recommended to extend the program of the National Labor Force Survey by including analytical aspects supposed to provide information about labor market participation and employment characteristics of persons with disabilities and older employees (55–64 years), about opportunities for learning lifelong and combining work and family duties.     Also, studies of the analytical capacities of the National Labor Force Survey have to cover in-depth module interviews as a supplement to the core program of regular survey.  

Females’ Labor Force Participation and Intimate Femicide: An Empirical Assessment of the Backlash Hypothesis

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edem F. Avakame
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lethal Violence ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Paid Labor ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the Supplementary Homicide Reports in conjunction with 1990 U.S. census data in a cross-sectional analysis, this paper tests the proposition that increased participation of women in the paid labor force will elevate the incidence of females’ intimate homicide victimization. In part, results support the backlash hypothesis. Specifically, they suggest that a growth in the female labor force participation rate decreases the poverty rate. Reductions in the poverty rate, in turn, augment the incidence of intimate lethal violence against women. We discuss the theoretical implications of these results.

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