Systematic review of gender differences and similarities in online consumers’ shopping behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kanwal ◽  
Umar Burki ◽  
Raza Ali ◽  
Robert Dahlstrom
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Web Navigation ◽  
Electronic Retailing ◽  
Online Purchase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Online Consumers ◽  
Gender Differences And Similarities ◽  
Gender Specific

Purpose This study aims to systematically examine gender specific behavioral differences and similarities in online shopping consumers, underlying theories for such differences and similarities and moderating and mediating roles of gender in studying the effects of online marketing strategies. This synthesis explores gender differences and similarities from a wide range of online settings, including readiness for adoption of new technology, willingness to make online payments, trust in online vendors, perception and behavior toward online business websites and perceived online service quality. Design/methodology/approach A systematic approach was adopted to derive and then analyze the existing literature. The authors accessed relevant literature from three electronic databases. After a thorough screening process and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, the study shortlisted 61 academic articles from an initial pool of 187 papers. Findings The findings reveal more differences than similarities between men and women as online consumers. Men generally have more favorable attitudes toward e-tailers (electronic retailing), online purchase/re-purchase and e-payments than women do. Social influences positively affect the online purchase intentions of men and women, but they have a more substantial effect on women. Privacy concerns negatively affect the online trust of men and women, but they also manifest a more significant influence on women. Practical implications Findings of review guide practitioners in formulating effective positioning and communication strategies that enable them to appeal to gender-specific consumer segments in multiple products and business contexts. It offers guidelines to online businesses for developing e-business platforms (websites) that persuade the target audience across gender groups, based on consumer browsing and web navigation preferences. Originality/value This review fulfills the need for a systematic synthesis of empirical research vis-à-vis online consumer behavior studies to find gender-specific perceptions, attitudes and behaviors.

scholarly journals Gender differences in taste and foods habits

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Lombardo ◽  
Giovanni Aulisa ◽  
Elvira Padua ◽  
Giuseppe Annino ◽  
Ferdinando Iellamo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Gender Specific

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine gender differences in food habits and food choices, including decisions in healthy eating, to personalize diet therapies to be as effective possible for long-term weight loss. Design/methodology/approach In this cross-sectional study, eating behaviours were assessed using a questionnaire composed of 12 questions concerning food habits, 17 concerning food taste, and four about healthy eating. There were 2,021 (1,276 women) Caucasian adults enrolled in the study. Findings Statistically significant differences in women compared to men occurred for the following questionnaire entries reading eating habits: whole grain food (10.0 per cent higher in women; p < 0.001); cereals such as barley (8.3 per cent higher in women, p < 0.001); cooked vegetables (6.6 per cent higher in women, p < 0.001); eggs (5.0 per cent lower in women, p = 0.03); meat (9.3 per cent lower in women, p < 0.001); and processed meat (7.1 per cent lower in women, p < 0.001). Women consume more water, sugar-sweetened beverages and alcoholic drinks than males, and liked salty foods more than sweet foods. Men ate faster, ate more during the night and slept worse than women. Men ate meals out more often and tended to be hungrier later in the day. Women missed more meals and ate more times during the day and were also more likely to eat uncontrollably. Research limitations/implications The authors observed strong evidence of profound gender-specific differences between men and women in terms of dietary habits, the taste of food and in the relationship with meals. Practical implications The findings suggest a need for the creation of gender-specific programs for promoting a healthy lifestyle. Social implications A need for the creation of gender-related programs for promoting healthy lifestyle has been demonstrated. Originality/value Reasons for the different eating behaviours among men and women have been found. Western society’s perception of the ideal body weight is much lower for women than for men. In general, social perceptions influence nutritional behaviour to a great extent. Women’s greater nutritional knowledge and sex-specific taste preferences also account for the differences in eating behaviour.

Gender effects on odor-induced taste enhancement and subsequent food consumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-519
Author(s):  
Yamen Koubaa ◽  
Amira Eleuch
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Free Food ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Taste Enhancement ◽  
Detection And Recognition

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test for gender-specific effects on odor-induced taste enhancement and subsequent food consumption in olfactory food marketing. Design/methodology/approach Lab experiments conducted among female and male participants using vanillin as a stimulus and ratings of sweetness, taste pleasantness and eating of sugar-free food as measures. Findings Odor-induced taste enhancement is gender-specific. Female consumers outperform male consumers in olfactory reaction and sweetness perception. While men outperform women in food consumption. Research limitations/implications Odor intensity was set to the concentration level of 0.00005per cent according to the findings from (Fujimaru and Lim, 2013). The authors believe that this intensity level is appropriate for both men and women. Still, there may be some gender effects on intensity levels, which are not explored here. The author’s test for the effects of one personal factor, gender and odor-induced taste enhancement of sugar-free food. The authors think that investigating the combined effects of more personal factors such as age, culture and so on adds to the accuracy of the results. Practical implications It seems that the stronger sensory capacities of women in terms of odor detection and recognition already confirmed in the literature extends to the cross-modal effects of this sensory detection and recognition on taste enhancement. It seems appropriate to tailor olfactory food advertising according to the gender of the target audience. Originality/value Odor-induced taste enhancement is still a novel subject in marketing. While most of the research has investigated the effects of smelling congruent odors on taste perception and food consumption among mixed groups of men and women, the value of this paper lies in the investigation of the potential moderating effects of gender on this relationship.

Quantifying gender distances in education, occupation and employment

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Symeonaki ◽  
Celestine Filopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vertical Segregation ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of gender in education, occupation and employment in Southern Europe and more specifically in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The goal is to provide measures that can trace gender differences with respect to their educational and employment features in these countries, explore whether these differences converge over time and compare the patterns observed in each country given their socio-economic similarities. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses raw data drawn from the European Social Survey (ESS) for the decade 2002-2012. It provides a method for quantifying gender differences in education, occupation and employment and their evolution over time based on distance measures. Findings The results reveal that gender distances in education have gradually subsided in these countries. However, occupational choices differ steadily over the years for all countries. The paper provides, therefore, solid evidence that equalizing the level of education between men and women during those years did not result in a decrease in the occupational distances between them. Moreover, based on the latest round the findings suggest that men and women are equally likely to having experienced unemployment within the last five years. Research limitations/implications Further research could be done to include results based on raw data from the seventh round of the ESS. This may provide valuable information for Spain and Portugal who did participate in this round. Social implications This research implies that more needs to be done to accelerate progress in order to achieve gender occupational equality in Southern Europe. Originality/value This paper draws attention to issues concerning gender differences in education, horizontal and vertical segregation and employment for which it provides distance measures and evidence of how they have evolved over time, based on raw data analysis from the ESS.

Carolingian Domesticities

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Stone
Keyword(s):  
Vital Role ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Moral Thought ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Women's Role ◽  
Kinship Ties ◽  
Gender Specific

Carolingian ideas of "home" and "family" encompassed a wide range of meanings from physical buildings to kin and free and unfree dependents. Kinship ties played a vital role, both socially and politically, and marriage practices reflected that; Carolingian reforms respected parents' strategies concerning their children's marriages. The Frankish economy was structured around nuclear households, from peasant tenancies to the huge estates presided over by noble men and women. Male and female activities in both production and consumption were partially, but not completely gender-specific. Dowries provided some economic independence for women, but female wealth often depended on contingent factors such as family size and the attitudes of male relatives. The ordered conjugal household was an important image in Carolingian moral thought, with married women holding a subordinate, but honored position. Frankish ideology focused more on elite women's role in the management of dependents and social networks than on purely "housewifely" activities.

How coaching services help early stage entrepreneurs: an exploration of gender differences

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene L. Nicholls-Nixon ◽  
Mariah M. Maxheimer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Business Incubators ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Entrepreneurial Learning ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Support Organizations ◽  
Service Offering

PurposeEntrepreneurial support organizations, such as business incubators and accelerators (BIAs), provide coaching as a core element of their service offering for startups. Yet little is known about how coaching creates value from the entrepreneur's perspective. This is an important issue given that entrepreneurship is recognized as a gendered phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to explore how the coaching services provided during incubation create value for men and women entrepreneurs.Design/methodology/approachFocusing on university business incubators, our comparative qualitative study of 18 men and women entrepreneurs takes a grounded theorizing approach, and draws abductively on entrepreneurial learning theory, to explore the dimensions of coaching services that support venture development and explain gender differences.FindingsThe emergent explanatory model suggests that venture development is supported by coaching service design (at the incubator level) and by coaching content and rapport (at the entrepreneur-coach dyad level). Gender differences were observed in the emphasis placed on accessibility of coaching services provided by the incubator and the guidance provided by the coaches. We theorize that these findings reflect differences in entrepreneurial learning.Practical implicationsTo better support entrepreneurial learning, gender differences should be considered in both the design and delivery of coaching services.Originality/valueOur findings provide deeper insight about how coaching services create value for entrepreneurs by revealing explanatory dimensions at two levels of analysis and theorizing the interrelationship between entrepreneurial learning, gender and venture development.

The context of choice as boundary condition for gender differences in brand choice considerations

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (5/6) ◽  
pp. 1280-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enav Friedmann ◽  
Oded Lowengart
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Brand Choice ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Marketers often assume that functional, hedonic and socially conspicuous utilities in choosing a brand differ for men and women, thus different marketing strategies are required for each gender. To date, most of the research studies have used self-reported measures when shopping in general or in regard to a single product. The purpose of this research is to examine this question using two different contexts of brand choice: single choice evaluation (SCE) and brand selection context (BSC). This assessment will clarify whether male and female utilities when choosing a brand are indeed inherent and consistent. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using surveys in three studies (N = 923). Conjoint analysis and ICLV (integrated choice and latent variables) models were examined. Findings BSC analysis that more closely mimics real-life contexts revealed that the consideration of these utilities is generally similar for men and women, while the SCE analysis showed significant gender differences. Practical implications In the context of choosing between brands, stereotypical gender targeting may be ineffective and might not be the best allocation of resources for marketers. Social implications Gender stereotypes in advertising seem to reconstruct differences that are not significant in a realistic brand selection context. Originality/value The context of choice was found to be a condition boundary for gender differences in brand choice considerations. Gender differences are not evolutionary or inherent.

Gender-specific human capital: identification and quantifying its wage effects

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 854-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Tverdostup ◽  
Tiiu Paas
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wage Returns ◽  
Specific Human Capital ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Opposite Gender

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to better understand the possible reasons behind gender pay disparities, focussing on the unique features of male and female human capital and their wage returns. Despite increasing convergence of male and female human capital attainments, substantial differences remain. Extraction of human capital components non-overlapping across genders provides more profound explanation of the unexplained wage gap of men and women. Design/methodology/approach Starting with the non-parametric matching-based decomposition technique, the authors extend the pay gap estimation framework and focus on males and females having no counterpart in a set of characteristics within the opposite gender. The authors identify gender-unique human capital in terms of differences in distribution of individual characteristics across men and women and gender-specific combination of human capital characteristics. Wage returns to gender-specific profiles are evaluated applying wage regression on both full distribution of earnings and wage quantiles. The research relies on the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) database for Estonia, which incorporates both formal education and cognitive skill records. Findings The study identifies sets of characteristics and competencies exclusive for both genders, proving that male and female profiles cannot be directly compared. The results suggest that men possess high individual and combined abilities in numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environment, not always reached by females. This potentiates men’s higher earnings in spite of their generally lower formal educational attainments. Wage gap analysis over the full distribution of earnings shows even larger “glass ceiling” effect for females, possessing woman-specific human capital. Originality/value The authors raise a research from a novel perspective towards a role of human capital in gender wage inequality. Instead of usual reference to observable gaps in male and female characteristics, the authors identify the gender-specific human capital profiles, to a large extent non-reached by the opposite gender. Analysed associations between gender-specific characteristics and earnings provide an insight to possible effects of gender-unique human capital on a male-female wage disparity.

Entrepreneurial leadership in Middle East sport businesses

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-188
Author(s):  
Majd Megheirkouni ◽  
Alison Thirlwall ◽  
Ammar Mejheirkouni
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Entrepreneurial Leadership ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gender Differences And Similarities

Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of gender in the sport business by investigating gender differences in entrepreneurial leadership and cultural values using quantitative methods. Design/methodology/approach In total, 241 surveys were completed by sport business owners in 4 countries in the Middle East. Findings The results revealed that gender differences and similarities are not only widely affected by national cultural values but also the effects of national cultural values vary between countries in the Middle East, despite these countries being similar in terms of habits, traditions, history, language and institutional systems. Additionally, it was found that entrepreneurial leadership is a role, task or responsibility that is related to both men and women in the sport business in the Middle East. Research limitations/implications Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed, together with limitations and suggestions for future research. Originality/value This is the only study in the field of entrepreneurial leadership that examined the concept of entrepreneurial leadership in Middle East sport businesses.

scholarly journals Gender bias in sentiment analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Thelwall
Keyword(s):  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test if there are biases in lexical sentiment analysis accuracy between reviews authored by males and females. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses data sets of TripAdvisor reviews of hotels and restaurants in the UK written by UK residents to contrast the accuracy of lexical sentiment analysis for males and females. Findings Male sentiment is harder to detect because it is less explicit. There was no evidence that this problem could be solved by gender-specific lexical sentiment analysis. Research limitations/implications Only one lexical sentiment analysis algorithm was used. Practical implications Care should be taken when drawing conclusions about gender differences from automatic sentiment analysis results. When comparing opinions for product aspects that appeal differently to men and women, female sentiments are likely to be overrepresented, biasing the results. Originality/value This is the first evidence that lexical sentiment analysis is less able to detect the opinions of one gender than another.

Gender differences in the decline in aerobic capacity and its physiological determinants during the later decades of life

2006 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 938-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward P. Weiss ◽  
Robert J. Spina ◽  
John O. Holloszy ◽  
Ali A. Ehsani
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Maximal Cardiac Output ◽  
Old Men ◽  
Gender Specific

We investigated the hemodynamic determinants of the age-associated decline in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2 max) and the influence of gender on the decline in V̇o2 max and its determinants in old and very old men and women. Sedentary, 60- to 92-yr-old women ( n = 71) and men ( n = 29), with no evidence of cardiovascular disease, underwent maximal treadmill exercise tests during which V̇o2 max and maximal cardiac output (Q̇max) were determined. V̇o2 max and age were inversely related in both women (−23 ± 2 ml·min−1·yr−1; P < 0.0001) and men (−57 ± 5 ml·min−1·yr−1; P < 0.0001). The absolute slope of the V̇o2 max vs. age relationship was twofold steeper in men than in women ( P < 0.0001). Q̇max was also inversely related to age in a gender-specific manner (women = −87 ± 25 ml·min−1·yr−1, P = 0.0009; men = −215 ± 50 ml·min−1·yr−1, P = 0.0002; P = 0.01 women vs. men). Age-related changes in maximal exercise arteriovenous oxygen content difference (a-vDo2) were marginally different ( P = 0.08) between women (−0.12 ± 0.03 ml·dl−1·yr−1, P = 0.0003) and men (−0.22 ± 0.04 ml·dl−1·yr−1, P < 0.0001). Age-associated decreases in Q̇max and a-vDo2 contributed equally to the declines in V̇o2 max in both men and women. In the later stages of life, V̇o2 max, Q̇max, and a-vDo2 decrease with age more rapidly in older men than they do in older women. As a result, the gender differences dissipate in the later decades of life. Declines in Q̇max and a-vDo2 contribute equally to the age-related decrease in V̇o2 max in men and women.

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