Power patterns, not gender, propagate corruption

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Female Attitudes ◽  
Intense Debate

Subject Corruption and gender. Significance Evidence of differences in male and female attitudes towards corruption has been used to design anti-graft policies in some countries. For example, Peru started hiring more women as traffic police officers because research suggests they are less corrupt. Yet there is still intense debate about whether disparities reflect innate differences in integrity or instead reflect variations in access to power, so that women may be less corrupt because they have fewer opportunities. Impacts Greater participation of women in national politics could see a rise in women engaging in corruption. Gender norms, however, could constrain such behaviours regardless of access to power. Nonetheless, a greater presence of women in public office could lead to shifts in approach in other areas of public policy.

Czech copreneur orientations to business and family responsibilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Jurik ◽  
Alena Křížková ◽  
Marie Pospíšilová (Dlouhá)
Keyword(s):  
Gender Norms ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Female Partners ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
State Taxation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Business Family

Purpose This paper aims to utilize a mixed-embeddedness approach to examine how state welfare policies, employment conditions and gender norms shape orientations to divisions of business and domestic labor among Czech copreneurs, i.e. romantic couples involved in businesses together. Design/methodology/approach Twelve copreneur couples were interviewed; male and female partners were interviewed separately. Women’s narratives are centered in analyzing motivations for business, divisions of labor, orientation to business/family and state policies. After detailing women’s orientations, correspondence with male partner orientations is considered. Findings Analysis reveals how state policies, employment conditions and gender norms inform copreneur narratives about business and family life in the Czech Republic. Female respondents expressed three orientations: business as opportunity, business for family and business/home as teamwork. Women tended both business and family, whereas most male partners focused exclusively on business. Research limitations/implications Although the small, purposive sample was not representative of all Czech copreneurs, findings detail how social context frames business/family dynamics. Practical implications This mixed-embeddedness perspective demonstrates how gender norms, state taxation and welfare shape the organization of Czech copreneurships and can support or discourage women’s entrepreneurship. Social implications Mechanisms producing gender inequality in copreneur businesses are revealed. Originality/value Findings identify connections between female copreneur business/family orientations and the context of gender regimes, state policy and employment practices in a post-socialist country. Also revealed are changing orientations across family and business stages.

Champions of gender equality: female and male executives as leaders of gender change

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Anne de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Social Constructionist ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Partnership Model ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Change

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine male and female executives as leaders “championing” gender change interventions. It problematizes current exhortations for male leaders to lead gender change, much as they might lead any other business-driven change agenda. It argues that organizational gender scholarship is critical to understanding the gendered nature of championing. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws on a feminist qualitative research project examining the efficacy of a gender intervention in a university and a policing institution. Interviews with four leaders have been chosen from the larger study for analysis against the backdrop of material from interviewees and the participant observation of the researcher. It brings a social constructionist view of gender and Acker’s gendering processes to bear on understanding organizational gender change. Findings – The sex/gender of the leader is inescapably fore-fronted by the gender change intervention. Gendered expectations and choices positioned men as powerful and effective champions while undermining the effectiveness of the woman in this study. Research limitations/implications – Further research examining male and female leaders capacity to champion gender change is required. Practical implications – This research identifies effective champion behaviors, provides suggestions for ensuring that gender equity interventions are well championed and proposes a partnership model where senior men and women play complementary roles leading gender change. Originality/value – This paper is of value to practitioners and scholars. It draws attention to contemporary issues of leadership and gender change, seeking to bridge the gap between theory and practice that undermines our change efforts.

scholarly journals Stress among Italian male and female patrol police officers: a quali-quantitative survey

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 875-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Acquadro Maran ◽  
Antonella Varetto ◽  
Massimo Zedda ◽  
Monica Franscini
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Large City ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
Municipal Police ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to carry out a quali-quantitative study to analyze unease and perceived stress in a population of 485 male and female police officers in a large city in northern Italy, and investigate the consequences of these and the coping strategies adopted. The working context the paper chose to investigate was the Municipal Police, which is characterized by strong links with the local community. As suggested in the literature, the paper focalized the attention both on organizational and operational stressors. Design/methodology/approach – Quali-quantitative study: a self-administered questionnaire. Findings – Results show that both men and women are self-critical and their evaluation of the professional and contextual circumstances in which they operate is filtered by pessimism and self-blame, with higher levels of somatization in women: female patrol police officers are at the highest risk of psychological distress. Originality/value – This is, to the best of the knowledge, the first quali-quantities study in Italy to consider the gender variable within a single police force.

Seeing and Doing Gender at Work: A Qualitative Analysis of Canadian Male and Female Police Officers

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-109
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
Canadian Province ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Police Officers ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Female Officers ◽  
Depth Interviews

This qualitative study examines the ways in which male and female police officers view and enact gender in their workplace. Data were generated from in-depth interviews with 20 active police officers working in a populous Canadian province. Although most male officers deny gender differences and gender bias, female officers describe experiences of workplace sexism and deploy adaptive strategies daily in their workplaces to resist gender inequality. Both men and women describe a masculine-coded ideal police officer and disparage the “old police culture” and “old boy’s club.”

Gendered patterning of relationships

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 360-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhanu Bhatia ◽  
Fanny Salignac
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Health Networks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Gender

Purpose Social capital has become a general tool for policy interventions in developing countries – often put forward as empowering and improving women’s socioeconomic position. Using the framework of gendered manifestations of networks in patriarchal setting of Bangladesh, the authors argue that while networks are crucial building blocks of social capital they are bound to manifest differently depending on the context in which they are embedded. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach By combining methods of social networks and spatial analysis, this study provides insights into the embeddedness of networks in gender norms. The authors conduct the study in the context of reproductive health networks in rural Bangladesh. Findings The findings suggest that networks mirror the structure of the society in which they evolve, reproducing rather than challenging disadvantage. Research limitations/implications The authors call for a more nuanced view of social capital leading to policy design that is sensitive to different manifestations of networks. Originality/value This study is the first to combine novel methods of social networks and spatial analysis to quantify the complex interplay between social networks and gender norms. This study further contributes to the diffusion literature by providing the first comparative view of women’s and men’s reproductive health networks that extend beyond actors’ direct tie.

Appraising entrepreneurship in Qatar under a gender perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-251
Author(s):  
Joana Costa ◽  
Mariana Pita
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Theoretical Terms ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
And Gender

Purpose The purpose of this study is twofold, being the first to grasp a broad picture of entrepreneurship determinants in Qatar, and second, to explore the intermediate effect of gender upon other factors affecting the propensity to become an entrepreneur and highlight gender heterogeneity. Combining theories on entrepreneurship determinants and gender, the study analyses the role of education (general and specific to enterprise), skill perception, social context and fear to fail as determinants of new venture creation in Qatar. The objective of the study is to appraise the determinants of the entrepreneurial activity in Qatar and understand if they hold across genders in terms of significance and magnitude. If so, policy actions can be adjusted to overcome gender gaps. This study aims to design policy recommendations to reinforce the Qatari entrepreneurial ecosystem and promote positive discrimination towards women initiatives in the Gulf region. Design/methodology/approach To understand male and female propensity to entrepreneurial activity in Qatar, a database from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) was used, considering data from 2014, with a sample that includes 4,272 individuals. To explore how the explanatory variables affect entrepreneurial propensity and if they hold significance across genders, three logistic regressions were run, the first including the entire sample, and the second and third separating individuals according to the gender. Then, to statistically appraise the differences among groups, a Kruskal–Wallis test was run to evidence group heterogeneity. Marginal effects of the model reinforce gender differences. The analysis was performed using Stata. Findings Different patterns of entrepreneurial propensity can be found among genders, allowing the exploration male and female determinants. The analysis shows that Qatari women are less prone to start a business when compared to men in equal conditions. For women, age is a deterring factor, contrarily to men. Both genders seem to be unconstrained by the fear to fail, still the self-perception of skills has a stronger effect on women. Research limitations/implications First, this study is restricted to the GEM database and covers 4,272 individuals whose representativeness cannot be statistically proved, despite the robustness of the sample size. Second, due to data limitations, the inclusion of theoretically relevant additional variables to the explanation of gender differences, such as economic and institutional determinants of entrepreneurial activity in the country under study, becomes infeasible. Practical implications Despite the conceptual and empirical limitations, the conclusions of the study fulfil literature gaps and offer quantitative and econometric evidences and which allow drawing policy recommendations. Social implications This study sheds a new light about the policy specificities needed to overcome gender differences and to equalise male and female entrepreneurial activity. Originality/value The study identifies gender differences in entrepreneurial propensity. The potential differences are firstly put in theoretical terms and followed by an exploratory analysis comprising statistical analysis and econometric estimations. The results allow examining the profile of male and female entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs, the determinants of entrepreneurial initiatives and gender gaps. The study helps policy makers to elaborate adequate strategies to foster gender equality on entrepreneurship, aiming to increase overall entrepreneurial activity and consequently socio-economic development.

Stereotypes, stigma and support

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
Pertinent Information ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings Heteronormativity is prevalent in organizations. For Gender Diverse Individuals, gender is not binary, but on a continuum. Expressing identity and gender is a fluid and ongoing daily process. However, expression of their true selves leads to the potential for stigma and discrimination in the workplace. Such individuals are under pressure to change their appearance to conform to gender norms in order to protect themselves from harassment. Supportive HR policies and Allies in the workplace can lead to feelings of safety and acceptance. More inclusive organizations allow the employee to express their true selves and participate fully in the workplace. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

The tangled web: consequences of workplace cyberbullying in adult male and female employees

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 567-584
Author(s):  
Jennifer Loh ◽  
Robyn Snyman
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Job Outcomes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Potential Resource ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
And Gender

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test a moderated mediation model that links the experience of cyberbullying, perceived stress and job satisfaction among Australian employees. Design/methodology/approach A survey of 254 white collar Australian employees was conducted from a wide variety of business corporations to investigate the role of workplace cyberbullying and job outcomes. A moderated mediation analysis was conducted. Findings Results indicated that workplace cyberbullying resulted in perceived stress, which in turn predicted employee’s job dissatisfaction. The results further revealed that cyberbullied female employees as opposed to male employees were more likely to report greater perceived stress and to be dissatisfied in their job. Research limitations/implications Overall, the results suggest that cyberbullying is a potential resource drain for employees and has detrimental implications in their organisational life. Importantly, male and female employees reacted to workplace cyberbullying differently suggesting the need to address the issue of workplace cyberbullying more gender sensitively. Originality/value This study provides empirical evidence that workplace cyberbullying can be a gendered phenomenon. Furthermore, COR theory and gender role theory is combined to reveal the differences between men and women in terms of their vulnerability towards different stressors.

scholarly journals Connect vs conquer? CEO gender and implicit motives

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Brueckner ◽  
Janine Bosak ◽  
Jonas W.B. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Implicit Motives ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Role Congruity ◽  
Power Motivation ◽  
Female Ceos ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Affiliation Motivation

PurposeThis study examined gender differences in CEOs' expression of implicit achievement, power and affiliation motivation. Building on the role congruity account of sex differences and similarities in motivation and existing literature on implicit motives, the study tested whether female CEOs would express higher affiliation motivation than male CEOs and similar levels of achievement motivation. In addition, gender differences in power motivation were explored.Design/methodology/approachThe study used propensity score matching to generate a comparable sample of male and female CEOs from publicly traded companies. Subsequently, the authors content-coded CEO letters from annual reports using Winter's (1994) manual for scoring motive imagery in running text.FindingsOverall, CEOs expressed more achievement and power motivation than affiliation motivation. Comparisons between male and female CEOs showed that female CEOs expressed lower power and higher affiliation motivation than male CEOs.Research limitations/implicationsBy integrating implicit motive theory with social role theory and the role congruity account of motivation, this study provides a theoretical framework and novel demonstration that understanding social roles and gender roles can lend insights into motive expression by CEOs.Originality/valueThe study uses established theory and a validated scoring method in a novel way by analyzing implicit motives from CEO letters, a critical communication channel in the CEO–shareholder relationship. In doing so, this study adopts a sociocultural perspective. Informed by the role congruity account of motivation, the study demonstrates the importance of social roles and gender roles for motivational displays.

Exploring gender-related perceptions of SME success

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paull Christopher Weber ◽  
Louis Geneste
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Medium Enterprise ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Is Value

Purpose – Small and medium enterprise (SME) research into the meaning and perception of success is now reaching beyond (the somewhat stereotypical) extrinsic success measures such as sales, number of employees, and profit. Researchers now identify the goals and expectations of the owner(s) of a business as central to their likely performance and preferred success metrics. Therefore, this paper aims to overlay perceptions of success and gender to establish whether success is conceptualised in the same way across genders. Design/methodology/approach – The study analyses the responses from 375 male and female SME owners to a range of quantitative success metrics and also explores the responses provided to a number of qualitative questions surrounding the owners' perceptions of success. Findings – Although the average female-owned business in the study is significantly smaller than the average male-owned business, they perform equally well on extrinsic measures that relate outputs (profit) to inputs (assets and hours worked). Further, the female SME owners appear to be more satisfied with both the success of their business and their lifestyle, than their male counterparts. Originality/value – The findings suggest that the social feminists hold sway (men and women have different perceptions of success) and there is value in incorporating a feminine perspective when examining what business owners are looking for from their ventures. That is, measures of SME success need to adopt a person-centered perspective.

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