Place-based economic policies see political resistance

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Community Colleges ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Political Resistance ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Local Nature

Subject Place-based policies. Significance Economic inequalities within countries are rising worldwide; the consequences are increasingly apparent in productivity, health and other indicators. Calls for place-based policymaking to tackle such inequalities are growing in the United States and elsewhere. Research into the effectiveness of such policies is limited, discouraged by their fragmented and local nature. However, what research there is shows scant evidence of net job creation or poverty reduction. Impacts Supply-side policies such as retraining and fostering entrepreneurship may more successfully attract firms than demand-side incentives. The local nature of place-based policies will require more investment in community colleges and location-specific retraining of workers. The share of US workers employed in farming is falling steadily; 'rural small-town America' may disappear even with place-based policies. The poorest groups of society are vulnerable to COVID-19; it is likely to raise inequality and make place-based policymaking more necessary.

Mobile Payments at the Retail Point of Sale in the United States: Prospects for Adoption

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Crowe ◽  
Marc Rysman ◽  
Joanna Stavins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Mobile Payments ◽  
The U.S

Although mobile payments are increasingly used in some countries, they have not been adopted widely in the United States so far, despite their potential to add value for consumers and streamline the payments system. We summarize short-term and long-term benefits from mobile payments, and analyze the economic framework of that market. Both demand-side and supply-side barriers contribute to the lack of adoption of mobile payments. We contrast mobile payments at the retail point of sale in the U.S. with other countries’ experiences and with examples of successful payment innovations in the U.S. Conditions that have facilitated some success in other countries and in other U.S. innovations are not present in the mobile payments market. On the demand side, consumers and merchants are well served by the current card system and face a low expected benefit-cost ratio, at least in the short run. On the supply side, low market concentration and strong competitive forces of banks and mobile carriers make coordination of standards difficult. Furthermore, mobile payments are characterized by a network effects problem: consumers will not demand them until they know that enough merchants accept them, and merchants will not implement the technology until a critical mass of consumers justifies the cost of doing so. We present some policy recommendations that the Federal Reserve should consider.

Global Value Chains, Industrial Hubs, and Economic Development in the Twenty-first Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 1048-1068
Author(s):  
Gary Gereffi ◽  
Xinyi Wu
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Global Value Chain ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Trade War ◽  
Athletic Footwear

This chapter uses the global value chain (GVC) framework to analyse the shifting strategies of key lead firms and first-tier suppliers in the athletic footwear and electronics industries. Growing cost pressures for labour and raw materials, as well as the potential political disruption from the escalating ‘trade war’ between the United States and China and the accelerating technological disruption sparked by the digital economy on both the demand side (e.g. e-commerce) and the supply side (e.g. automation) of GVCs, are encouraging brand leaders and major suppliers in both GVCs (such as Adidas and Nike in footwear, and Apple and Foxconn in electronics) to pursue automation in select factories in their supply chains. However, the industrial hubs where athletic footwear and electronics production is concentrated remain overwhelmingly labour-intensive, both in China and elsewhere in Asia (such as Vietnam and Indonesia) where big suppliers are moving to diversify their options.

Community-based island tourism: the case of Boa Vista in Cape Verde

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra M. Sánchez-Cañizares ◽  
Ana María Castillo-Canalejo
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects

Purpose – This paper tries to explore the possibilities of developing sustainable, community-based tourism (CBT) in Boa Vista in Cape Verde, Africa. Island territories are generally considered preferential tourist destinations. However, the negative effects of tourism in these destinations should not be overlooked, among them environmental concerns and impacts on the culture of the island’s inhabitants. The development of CBT takes on special relevance, as it based on planning schemes in conjunction with the local community who share the positive effects derived from tourism. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology used consisted in designing two surveys: one focusing on the supply side and another on the demand side of tourism to define and analyse the current status of this sector in Boa Vista. The survey on tourism supply was distributed among a panel of experts formed by tourism service providers located in Boa Vista. The statistical results of the responses and the discussion carried out by the panel of experts permitted the development of a SWOT matrix. The survey on demand was administered to foreign tourists in different parts of the island. A total of 202 valid surveys were obtained. Findings – The main results of the fieldwork are twofold. On the supply side of tourism, the community is making an enormous effort to actively participate in the development of sustainable tourism, efforts which are often constrained by the geographical barriers of Boa Vista (sandy soil, poor accessibility to other islands) and the institutional and political situation of the island. As regards the demand side of tourism, the vast majority of tourists stay at the island’s all-inclusive resorts, whereas few tourists require the services provided by the community, mainly because they are unaware that such services exist. Originality/value – Certain island destinations are more appropriate for tourists wishing to flee mass tourism enclaves due to their natural environment, relative isolation and the traditional culture of their inhabitants. For this reason, it is important to develop a CBT model for these destinations in which initiatives are planned in conjunction with members of the local community who participate in decision-making processes and benefit equally from the positive effects of tourism. Although several case studies have been reported in the research on CBT initiatives, few studies have been carried out on CBT in island territories. This is the main contribution in this paper.

Study on Integrated Resource Strategic Planning for Power Industry

2013 ◽  
Vol 732-733 ◽  
pp. 1401-1405
Author(s):  
Zhi Zhao ◽  
Jia Hai Yuan ◽  
Wen Jie Huang
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
National Level ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Integrated Resource Planning ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
Efficient Power

Integrated Resource Strategic Planning (IRSP) is an extension of Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) at the national level for power planning. It provides a new theoretical foundation for the implementation of demand-side management (DSM) in the deregulated conditions. In this paper, IRSP model for power planning is proposed. In the model, both supply-side and demand-side resources as efficient power plant (EPP) are considered in the optimization process. A case study for the power planning in the United States is presented in the paper. The results indicate that, comparing with traditional planning the IRSP model can not only achieve the minimum total costs, but also reduce the supply-side capacity installation and the related pollution emissions.

Entrepreneurship in Africa – a classificatory framework and a research agenda

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kuada
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Degree Of Innovation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a classificatory framework for mapping out entrepreneurs and small businesses with growth potentials in Africa. Design/methodology/approach – The study undertakes a review of the existing development economics and entrepreneurship literature to determine the need for the framework and how to proceed in developing it. Findings – The literature review informs that although enterprise-led growth provides a greater promise for absolute poverty reduction, policymakers lack guidelines on how to identify those with highest potentials for job creation and tax revenue generation. Furthermore, African entrepreneurs can purposefully be classified in terms of their motives and degree of innovation. The classification produces a 2×2 matrix that maps out the growth capabilities of businesses found in a given country or community. Research limitations/implications – The framework provides researchers and policymakers with descriptive categories that can guide their strategies and decisions. Originality/value – Introducing innovation-imitation dimension into the classificatory framework extends and improves previous typologies of small enterprises available in the literature.

China slowdown prompts 'supply-side' response

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Property Market ◽  
Price Inflation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bear Market ◽  
Property Prices ◽  
Downward Pressure ◽  
Economic Slowdown ◽  
Second Tier

Significance China's economic slowdown has been gradual but, since the middle of last year, has been accompanied by a depressed property market and extreme volatility in capital markets. Impacts The renminbi will experience downward pressure due to the slowdown in China and rate hikes in the United States. Housing market inventory will decrease, putting downward pressure on property prices, especially in the second-tier cities. In equities, the 'slow bull market' sought by the authorities is less likely than a 'slow bear market'. Consumer price inflation is unlikely to pick up, leaving room for monetary easing. M&A activity among large SOEs is likely to increase in 2016.

scholarly journals Oligopsony/Oligopoly Power and Factor Market Performance: The Case of U.S. Old Newspapers

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-569
Author(s):  
Aref A. Hervani
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Input Markets ◽  
Price Distortions ◽  
Positive Effect

This paper derives price-cost margins for the old newspaper (ONP) input market for newsprint manufacture and then examines the effects of two government policies and two variables measuring the market performances of ONP input and newsprint output on the oligopsonist's ONP price-cost margins. In the wastepaper recycling market in particular, the ONP input market has not been successful in using the ONP generated. The outcomes of the study are that various degrees of price distortions existed in the ONP input markets in four regions of the United States during 1972–1995. Demand-side policy had a positive effect and supply-side policy had a negative effect on ONP price–cost margins in all regions.

Moral Hazard: It’s the Supply Side, Stupid!

World Affairs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 182 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Kreier
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Managed Care ◽  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Per Capita

In health care markets, moral hazard is conventionally viewed as a demand-side phenomenon in which insurance causes patients to use more care because it reduces the price they have to pay for care. However, demand-side moral hazard cannot explain why U.S. per capita health care costs are much higher than those of countries with universal coverage and lower out-of-pocket charges. Instead, blame rests with a phenomenon that may be called supply-side moral hazard, which occurs when third-party payment removes the constraints the demand curve would otherwise exert over the prices providers charge, and the quantity of expensive services they can sell. Public institutions are better positioned than private entities to address supply-side moral hazard. This helps explain why the other wealthy democracies—both those with single-payer systems, like Canada, and those with multipayer systems and all-payer procedures for setting provider rates, like Germany and Switzerland—spend much less per capita than the United States. Although managed care achieved some success in controlling U.S. provider prices in the 1990s, in the longer term, it motivated increasing market concentration among providers, which vitiated cost control. Furthermore, managed care exacerbates inequity and complexity, problems that public price regulation avoids.

Determinants of online hotel room prices: comparing supply-side and demand-side decisions

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 2149-2168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rouzbeh Razavi ◽  
Aviad A. Israeli
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Web Crawler ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Competitive Environments ◽  
Practical Standpoint ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This study aims to examine the effect of hotels’ star ratings and customer ratings on online hotel prices from both supply- and demand-side perspectives. Design/methodology/approach To compile the supply-side data, a Web crawler was designed and implemented to read online prices and characteristics of available hotels from Trivago. Demand-side data were compiled from surveys conducted using the Amazon Mechanical Turk portal. Data were analyzed with an array of advanced machine learning regression models. Findings The results show that while a star rating is the most important predictor of price from both supply- and demand-side perspectives, customer rating influences the price much more significantly on the demand-side. Customers showed a tendency to overestimate the room price of three- and four-star hotels and underestimate the price of five-star hotels. Customers placed a heavier weight on customer ratings when estimating prices particularly when the average rating was above 7.5 (out of 10). The study also confirms the strong effect of price adjustment for customers when they were exposed to the prices of other similar hotels. Finally, the study examines the impact of demographics on the perceived hotel value. Age, ethnicity, education and income are shown to be the most significant demographic characteristics. Originality/value The results are valuable from a research perspective because they demonstrate how to price rooms more effectively based on their perceived value from consumers’ perspectives. From a practical standpoint, the findings provide useful managerial tools for pricing in competitive environments.

scholarly journals Pandemic turned into pandemonium: the effect on supply chains and the role of accounting information

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajantha Velayutham ◽  
Asheq Razaur Rahman ◽  
Anil Narayan ◽  
Michael Wang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Respiratory Devices

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the disruptive effects of COVID-19 on supply chains and question the role of accounting information in managing these supply chains in the face of such disruptive effects.Design/methodology/approachThe study first explains the effects of COVID-19 on the supply chains of business entities. It then explains the role of accounting information in supply chain management, questions accounting information's ability to play such a role, and makes recommendations for better accounting disclosures and accounting research for supply chains of firms. To illustrate the salient points, a case study of Fisher and Paykel Healthcare is conducted. It identifies the risks and uncertainties of supply chains exposed by COVID-19 disruptions to businesses.FindingsCOVID-19 has affected Fisher and Paykel Healthcare from both the supply-side (upstream) and demand-side (downstream) perspectives. On the supply side, it has disrupted the supply of raw materials used in the manufacture of respiratory devices and the costs of importing such materials. On the demand side, it has disrupted market logistics and customer demand. This has subsequently affected production. Such disruptions can be overcome through the dissemination of appropriate accounting information for the different stages of the supply chain to the managers. Such accounting information can also be useful to external stakeholders for minimizing their risks.Originality/valueThe study attempts to create an awareness of the supply chain uncertainties faced by managers and stakeholders arising from exogenous shocks, such as a pandemic, and how these uncertainties can be mitigated by aligning accounting information flows with the supply chain activity flows. The observations made in this paper are at a conceptual level and, therefore, can be applied to any industry.

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