Ultraviolet Absorbers for Textiles

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.R. Das ◽  
S.M. Ishtiaque ◽  
R.S. Rengasamy ◽  
S. Hati ◽  
A. Kumar

The incidences of skin cancer have been rising worldwide due to excessive exposure to sunlight. Increase in exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight results in skin damage such as sunburn, premature skin ageing, allergies and skin cancer. Medical experts suggest several means of protection against ultraviolet radiation, including use of sunscreens, avoidance of the sun at its highest intensities, and wearing clothing that covers as much of the skin surface as possible. This paper provides insight on how UV absorbers can be efficiently used with textile material to protect human skin from harmful UV radiation. The manufacturers of various UV absorbers and their commercial products are reviewed and discussed. The interacting mechanism of UV absorbers with textile clothing for providing UV protection and an evaluation of the performance of UV absorbers are summarized.

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 308-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaveri Korgavkar ◽  
Michael Xiong ◽  
Martin A. Weinstock

Background: Previously considered safe for typical use, concerns have recently been expressed regarding the potential effect of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) on human skin and, in particular, on skin cancer risk. Objective: We sought to address this concern by reviewing the current literature on CFLs, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and photocarcinogenic exposure. Results: On average, the UV radiation from CFLs and subsequent carcinogenic exposure is lower than that from incandescent bulbs. However, defective bulbs can emit higher levels of UV radiation, which may cause significant damage. Conclusion: Our review calls for further investigation to determine how frequently these bulbs are sufficiently defective to lead to adverse effects.


Author(s):  
Renata Chadyšienė ◽  
Aloyzas Girgždys

The paper presents the assessment of ultraviolet radiation from technical sources. It has been determined that the intensity of UVA radiation is about 10 times higher than the intensity of radiation of UVB. It has been investigated that the intensity of UV radiation during the welding process nonlinearly depends on the strength of the current, namely, if the strength of the current is reduced by 60%, the intensity of UV radiation is reduced by 20%, it also depends on the distance from the source, namely, if the distance is increased 10 times, the intensity of UV radiation is reduced about 25 times. The dose of UVA and UVB radiation from various resources is calculated. Comparison with the minimum erythema dose is submitted. It has been obtained that when the strength of the current is 315 A, the UV radiation dose exceeds 1 MED, namely, UVA ∼ 3000, UVB ∼300 times. After having carried out the experiment it has been found that the UV radiation emitted from a welder comprises about 80% of UVA, and about 20% of UVB. The results of investigation made in a solarium show that UV radiation from lamps comprises 98% of UVA radiation and 2% – of UVB radiation, while in the Sun rays reaching the Earth UV radiation comprises 96% of UVA and 4% of UVB. Santrauka Darbe radiometriniais metodais nustatyti ir įvertinti dirbtinių šaltinių skleidžiamos ultravioletinės alfa ir beta spinduliuotės (UVA ir UVB) intensyvumo pokyčiai ir apskaičiuota įvairių šaltinių sukuriama UVA ir UVB spinduliuotės dozė. Nustatyta, kad suvirinimo proceso metu skleidžiamos UV spinduliuotės intensyvumas priklauso nuo šaltinio intensyvumo (sumažinus šaltinio intensyvumą apie 60 %, UV spinduliuotės intensyvumas sumažėja apie 20 %) bei nuo atstumo nuo šaltinio (padidinus atstumą 10 kartų UV spinduliuotės intensyvumas sumažėja apie 25 kartus). Įvairių šaltinių sukuriama UVA ir UVB spinduliuotės dozė palyginama su minimalia eritemine doze. Gauta, kad suvirinimo metu, esant 315 A elektros srovės stipriui, UVA spinduliuotės dozė 1 MED viršija apie 3000, UVB ~ 300 kartų. Nustatyta, kad apie 80 % iš suvirinimo aparato skleidžiamos UV spinduliuotės yra UVA, o apie 20 % – UVB. 98 % soliariumo lempų skleidžiamos UV spinduliuotės yra UVA ir 2 % – UVB, gi iš Žemę pasiekiančios Saulės UV spinduliuotės 96 % yra UVA ir 4 % UVB. Резюме Радиометрическими методами определены изменения УФА- и УФБ-излучений некоторых техногенных источников, а также рассчитана доза УФА- и УФБ-излучений этих источников. Установлено, что в среднем интенсивность УФА-излучения в 10 раз сильнее интенсивности УФБ-излучения. Установлено также, что в процессе сварки интенсивность испускаемого УФ-излучения зависит от интенсивности источника: при снижении интенсивности источника на 60% интенсивность УФ-излучения снижается приблизительно на 20%; при увеличении расстояния от места сварки в 10 раз интенсивность УФ-излучения снижается приблизительно в 25 раз. Рассчитана доза УФАи УФБ-излучений, создаваемая различными техногенными источниками. Представлено ее сравнение с минимальной эритемной дозой. Получено, что во время сварки при силе электрического тока 315 А доза УФА-излучения превышает 1 МЭД в 3000 раз, а УФБ-излучения – в 300 раз. Экспериментальными исследованиями получено, что испускаемое при сварке УФ излучение на 80% состоит из УФА-излучения и на 20% – из УФБ-излучения. В соляриуме, где был проведен эксперимент, УФ-излучение ламп состоит на 98% из УФА лучей и на 2% из УФБ лучей. Для сравнения: околоземное УФ-излучение Солнца в Литве состоит в среднем на 96% из УФА лучей и на 4% из УФБ лучей.


2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (13) ◽  
pp. 3583-3591 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hess ◽  
P. Koepke

Abstract. A method is presented to calculate UV irradiances on inclined surfaces that additionally takes into account the influence of sky obstructions caused by obstacles such as mountains, houses, trees, or umbrellas. With this method it is thus possible to calculate the impact of UV radiation on biological systems, such as, for instance, the human skin or eye, in any natural or artificial environment. The method, which consists of a combination of radiation models, is explained here and the accuracy of its results is demonstrated. The effect of a natural skyline is shown for an Alpine ski area, where the UV irradiance even on a horizontal surface may increase due to reflection from snow by more than 10 percent. In contrast, in a street canyon the irradiance on a horizontal surface is reduced to 30% in shadow and to about 75% for a position in the sun.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Ayala ◽  
Marco Palla ◽  
Rossella Di Trolio ◽  
Nicola Mozzillo ◽  
Paolo A. Ascierto

Purpose. Electromagnetic radiation with wavelength in the range 100 nm to 1 mm is known as optical radiation and includes ultraviolet radiation, the visible spectrum, and infrared radiation. The deleterious short- and long-term biological effects of ultraviolet radiation, including melanoma and other skin cancers, are well recognized. Infrared radiation may also have damaging biological effects. Methods. The objective of this review was to assess the literature over the last 15 years and to summarize correlations between exposure to optical radiation and the risk of melanoma and other cancers. Results. There is a clear correlation between exposure to UV radiation and the development of skin cancer. Most importantly, a strong association between artificial UV radiation exposure, for example, tanning devices, and the risk of melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma has been clearly demonstrated. There is no clear evidence that exposure to IR and laser radiation may increase the risk of skin cancer, although negative health effects have been observed. Conclusions. Preventative strategies that involve provision of public information highlighting the risks associated with exposure to sunlight remain important. In addition, precautionary measures that discourage exposure to tanning appliances are required, as is legislation to prevent their use during childhood.


2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3357-3381 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hess ◽  
P. Koepke

Abstract. A method is presented to calculate UV irradiances on inclined surfaces that additionally takes into account the influence of sky obstructions caused by obstacles such as mountains, houses, trees, or umbrellas. Thus the method allows calculating the impact of UV radiation on biological systems, such as for instance the human skin or eye, in any natural or artificial environment. The method, a combination of radiation models, is explained and the correctness of its results is demonstrated. The effect of a natural skyline is shown for an Alpine ski area, where the UV irradiance even on a horizontal surface may increase due to reflection at snow by more than 10%. In contrast in a street canyon the irradiance on a horizontal surface is reduced down to 30% in shadow and to about 75% for a position in the sun.


2014 ◽  

Skin cancer is Australia’s ‘national cancer’. At least two in three Australians are diagnosed with skin cancer by the age of 70 and over 1000 Australians are treated for skin cancer every day. The good news is that skin cancer is one of the most preventable forms of cancer. This book brings together leading experts in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of skin cancer, providing practical information about the sun and health. The book begins with an explanation of what skin cancer is and how it forms, then discusses ultraviolet radiation and how to protect yourself, the effects of tanning, myths and truths about sunscreen, getting enough Vitamin D, the impact of the sun on your eyes, early detection and treatment of skin cancer, and life after skin cancer. It is a must-read for anyone living under the Australian and New Zealand sun.


2016 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Cornaghi ◽  
Francesca Arnaboldi ◽  
Rossella Calò ◽  
Federica Landoni ◽  
William Franz Baruffaldi Preis ◽  
...  

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the major environmental factor affecting functions of the skin. Compounds rich in polyphenols, such as Thymus vulgaris leaf extract and thymol, have been proposed for the prevention of UV-induced skin damage. We compared the acute effects induced by UVA and UVB rays on epidermal morphology and proliferation, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Normal human skin explants were obtained from young healthy women (n = 7) after informed consent and cultured at the air-liquid interface overnight. After 24 h, the samples were divided in 2 groups: the former exposed to UVA (16 or 24 J/cm2) and the latter irradiated with UVB (0.24 or 0.72 J/cm2). One hour after the end of irradiation, supernatants were collected for evaluation of the lactate dehydrogenase activity. Twenty-four hours after UVB exposure, biopsies were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy analysis, proliferation, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity. UVB and UVA rays induced early inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA damage compared to controls. In particular, UVB rays were always more cytotoxic and genotoxic than UVA ones. For this reason, we evaluated the effect of either T. vulgaris L. extract (1.82 µg/ml) or thymol (1 µg/ml) on all samples treated for 1 h before UVB irradiation. While Thymus had a protective action for all of the endpoints evaluated, the action of the extract was less pronounced on epidermal proliferation and morphological features. The results presented in this study could be the basis for investigating the mechanism of thymol and T. vulgaris L. extract against the damage induced by UV radiation.


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