scholarly journals Skin Temperature Elevation for Incident Power Densities From Dipole Arrays at 28 Ghz

IEEE Access ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 26863-26871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuma Nakae ◽  
Daisuke Funahashi ◽  
Junji Higashiyama ◽  
Teruo Onishi ◽  
Akimasa Hirata
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Temperature Elevation ◽  
Incident Power ◽  
Power Densities

scholarly journals Ocular Effects of Exposure to 40, 75, and 95 GHz Millimeter Waves

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 912-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masami Kojima ◽  
Yukihisa Suzuki ◽  
Kensuke Sasaki ◽  
Masao Taki ◽  
Kanako Wake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Waves ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Corneal Edema ◽  
Incident Power ◽  
Fluorescence Staining ◽  
Corneal Epithelial ◽  
Incident Power Density ◽  
Focus Type ◽  
Power Densities ◽  
Cornea Thickness

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop a model of ocular damage induced by 40, 75, and 95 GHz continuous millimeter waves (MMW), thereby allowing assessment of the clinical course of ocular damage resulting from exposure to thermal damage-inducing MMW. This study also examined the dependence of ocular damage on incident power density. Pigmented rabbit eyes were exposed to 40, 75, and 95 GHz MMW from a spot-focus-type lens antenna. Slight ocular damage was observed 10 min after MMW exposure, including reduced cornea thickness and reduced transparency. Diffuse fluorescein staining around the pupillary area indicated corneal epithelial injury. Slit-lamp examination 1 day after MMW exposure revealed a round area of opacity, accompanied by fluorescence staining, in the central pupillary zone. Corneal edema, indicative of corneal stromal damage, peaked 1 day after MMW exposure, with thickness gradually subsiding to normal. Three days after exposure, ocular conditions had almost normalized, though corneal thickness was slightly greater than that before exposure. The 50% probability of ocular damage (DD50) was in the order 40 > 95 ≈ 75 GHz at the same incident power densities.

scholarly journals Photon upconversion sensitized by a Ru(II)-pyrenyl chromophore

2015 ◽  
Vol 373 (2044) ◽  
pp. 20140322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Deng ◽  
Megan S. Lazorski ◽  
Felix N. Castellano
Keyword(s):  
Transient Absorption ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Transient Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Emission Characteristic ◽  
Incident Power ◽  
Triplet Excited State ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Resultant Data ◽  
Anti Stokes ◽  
Power Densities

The near-visible-to-blue singlet fluorescence of anthracene sensitized by a ruthenium chromophore with a long-lived triplet-excited state, [Ru(5-pyrenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) 3 ](PF 6 ) 2 , in acetonitrile was investigated. Low intensity non-coherent green light was used to selectively excite the sensitizer in the presence of micromolar concentrations of anthracene generating anti-Stokes, singlet fluorescence in the latter, even with incident power densities below 500 μW cm −2 . The resultant data are consistent with photon upconversion proceeding from sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) of the anthracene acceptor molecules, confirmed through transient absorption spectroscopy as well as static and dynamic photoluminescence experiments. Additionally, quadratic-to-linear incident power regimes for the upconversion process were identified for this composition under monochromatic 488 nm excitation, consistent with a sensitized TTA mechanism ultimately producing the anti-Stokes emission characteristic of anthracene singlet fluorescence.

Effect of Vaporub and Petrolatum on Skin and Rectal Temperature in Children with Acute Bronchitis

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-490
Author(s):  
H Berger ◽  
W Orgler ◽  
E Jarosch ◽  
H Madreiter
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Temperature Elevation ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Temperature Plateau

Fifty-six children, suffering from acute bronchitis were studied. Skin temperature and rectal temperature were simultaneously recorded over a period of 90 minutes after 3-minute rub therapy on chest and back with either Vaporub® or its base Petrolatum. A statistically significant increase in skin temperature as compared to the pre-treatment was observed; with Vaporub®, however, the increase was 1.1°C on average at the highest point of a large plateau reaching from 30 to 90 minutes after the treatment. Rubbing Petrolatum alone showed 0.2°C on average on the top of the temperature plateau. Rectal temperature did not show significant changes with either therapy. On comparing temperature data of the same type in healthy children, the time course of the temperature elevation (which also was observed in healthy children after Vaporub® treatment), was different from that of bronchitic children. In the bronchitic children the temperature rise was still 0.9°C 60 minutes after eatment. In the healthy children after 60 minutes, the temperature eievation was only 0.4°C above the pre-treatment value.

Temperature and adrenocortical responses in rhesus monkeys exposed to microwaves

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1565-1571 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Lotz ◽  
R. P. Podgorski
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Venous Catheter ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Incident Power ◽  
Endocrine Response ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Microwave Exposure ◽  
Power Densities ◽  
Adrenocortical Responses

To determine if the endocrine response to microwave exposure was similar in a primate to that reported for other animals, rectal temperature and plasma levels of cortisol, thyroxine (T4), and growth hormone (GH) were measured in rhesus monkeys exposed to 1.29 GHz microwave radiation. Exposures were carried out under far-field conditions with the monkey restrained in a chair. Incident power densities of 0, 20, 28, and 38 mW/cm2 were used, with corresponding specific absorption rates of 0, 2.1, 3.0, and 4.1 W/kg. Blood samples were taken hourly via an indwelling jugular venous catheter over a 24-h period before, during, and after an 8-h exposure. Rectal temperature increased an average of 0.5, 0.7, and 1.7 degrees C for the three intensities used. No changes in T1 or GH were observed. Cortisol levels were increased during exposure to 38 mW/cm2. It was concluded that the temperature and adrenocortical responses to microwave exposure of the rhesus monkey are similar to the corresponding responses of other animals.

scholarly journals Фотопреобразователь лазерного излучения на основе GaInP с КПД 46.7% на длине волны 600 nm

2022 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
С.А. Минтаиров ◽  
В.В. Евстропов ◽  
М.А. Минтаиров ◽  
М.В. Нахимович ◽  
Р.А. Салий ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Power ◽  
Incident Power ◽  
Incident Laser ◽  
Power Laser ◽  
Chip Design ◽  
Incident Laser Power ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Power Densities ◽  
Iv Curves ◽  
532 Nm

GaInP-based laser power converters (LPC) structure grown by MOVPE and device chip design have been optimized for operation under high-power lasers of the green-red spectral range. Light IV curves records have shown the performance of the LPC up to 40-50 W/cm2 of incident power densities. The highest level data were obtained for 532 nm, 600 nm, and 633 nm power laser lines: 44.3%, 46.7%, and 40.6% under 13-16 W/cm2, respectively. LPC demonstrated an efficiency of more than 40% at elevated up to 40-50 W/cm2 of the incident laser power density.

Microstructures of Laser Processed Fe-Cr Surface Alloys

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 328-329
Author(s):  
P. A. Molian ◽  
K. H. Khan ◽  
W. E. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Pure Iron ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Laser Surface ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Constitution Diagram ◽  
Incident Power ◽  
Surface Alloying ◽  
Laser Surface Alloying ◽  
Spot Diameter

In recent years, the effects of chromium on the transformation characteristics of pure iron and the structures produced thereby have been extensively studied as a function of cooling rate. In this paper, we present TEM observations made on specimens of Fe-10% Cr and Fe-20% Cr alloys produced through laser surface alloying process with an estimated cooling rate of 8.8 x 104°C/sec. These two chromium levels were selected in order to study their phase transformation characteristics which are dissimilar in the two cases as predicted by the constitution diagram. Pure iron (C<0.01%, Si<0.01%, Mn<0.01%, S=0.003%, P=0.008%) was electrodeposited with chromium to the thicknesses of 40 and 70μm and then vacuum degassed at 400°F to remove the hydrogen formed during electroplating. Laser surface alloying of chromium into the iron substrate was then performed employing a continuous wave CO2 laser operated at an incident power of 1200 watts. The laser beam, defocussed to a spot diameter of 0.25mm, scanned the material surface at a rate of 30mm/sec, (70 ipm).

Chemical structure of diamond-like carbon thin films

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-711
Author(s):  
N.-H. Cho ◽  
K.M. Krishnan ◽  
D.B. Bogy
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Diamond Like Carbon ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Sputtering Power ◽  
Data Aquisition ◽  
Equilibrium Phases ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Power Densities ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films have attracted much attention due to their useful properties and applications. These properties are quite variable depending on film preparation techniques and conditions, DLC is a metastable state formed from highly non-equilibrium phases during the condensation of ionized particles. The nature of the films is therefore strongly dependent on their particular chemical structures. In this study, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was used to investigate how the chemical bonding configurations of DLC films vary as a function of sputtering power densities. The electrical resistivity of the films was determined, and related to their chemical structure.DLC films with a thickness of about 300Å were prepared at 0.1, 1.1, 2.1, and 10.0 watts/cm2, respectively, on NaCl substrates by d.c. magnetron sputtering. EEL spectra were obtained from diamond, graphite, and the films using a JEOL 200 CX electron microscope operating at 200 kV. A Gatan parallel EEL spectrometer and a Kevex data aquisition system were used to analyze the energy distribution of transmitted electrons. The electrical resistivity of the films was measured by the four point probe method.

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