The Impact of Liquid Water Content over Different Seas of Europe on Satellite Communication

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitesh Singh ◽  
Boncho Gueorguiev Bonev ◽  
Peter Zhelev Petkov ◽  
Sarang Patil
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Satellite Communication ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
The Impact

The impact of cloud inhomogeneities on the Earth radiation budget: the 14 October 1989 I.C.E. convective cloud case study

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 240-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Parol ◽  
J. C. Buriez ◽  
D. Crétel ◽  
Y. Fouquart
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Convective Cloud ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earth Radiation Budget ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Earth Radiation

Abstract. Through their multiple interactions with radiation, clouds have an important impact on the climate. Nonetheless, the simulation of clouds in climate models is still coarse. The present evolution of modeling tends to a more realistic representation of the liquid water content; thus the problem of its subgrid scale distribution is crucial. For a convective cloud field observed during ICE 89, Landsat TM data (resolution: 30m) have been analyzed in order to quantify the respective influences of both the horizontal distribution of liquid water content and cloud shape on the Earth radiation budget. The cloud field was found to be rather well-represented by a stochastic distribution of hemi-ellipsoidal clouds whose horizontal aspect ratio is close to 2 and whose vertical aspect ratio decreases as the cloud cell area increases. For that particular cloud field, neglecting the influence of the cloud shape leads to an over-estimate of the outgoing longwave flux; in the shortwave, it leads to an over-estimate of the reflected flux for high solar elevations but strongly depends on cloud cell orientations for low elevations. On the other hand, neglecting the influence of cloud size distribution leads to systematic over-estimate of their impact on the shortwave radiation whereas the effect is close to zero in the thermal range. The overall effect of the heterogeneities is estimated to be of the order of 10 W m-2 for the conditions of that Landsat picture (solar zenith angle 65°, cloud cover 70%); it might reach 40 W m-2 for an overhead sun and overcast cloud conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Orographic Cloud Seeding Using a Bin Microphysics Scheme: Three-Dimensional Simulation of Real Cases

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1537-1555
Author(s):  
István Geresdi ◽  
Lulin Xue ◽  
Noémi Sarkadi ◽  
Roy Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Weather Modification ◽  
Diffusional Growth ◽  
Surface Precipitation ◽  
Orographic Clouds ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe University of Pécs and NCAR Bin (UPNB) microphysical scheme was implemented into the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) Model that was used to study the impact of silver iodide (AgI) seeding on precipitation formation in winter orographic clouds. Four different experimental units were chosen from the Wyoming Weather Modification Pilot Project to simulate the seeding effect. The results of the numerical experiments show the following: (i) Comparisons with the soundings, snow gauges, and microwave radiometer data indicate that the three-dimensional simulations with detailed microphysics reasonably represent both the dynamics and the microphysics of real clouds. (ii) The dispersion of the AgI particles from the simulated ground-based seeding was effective because of turbulent mixing. (iii) In the investigated cases (surface temperature is less than 0°C), surface precipitation and precipitation efficiency show low susceptibility to the concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei and natural ice nucleating particles. (iv) If the available liquid water content promotes the enhancement of the number of snowflakes by diffusional growth, the surface precipitation can be increased by more than 5%. A novel parameter relevant to orographic clouds, horizontally integrated liquid water path (LWP), was evaluated to find the relation between seeding efficiency and liquid water content. The impact of seeding is negligible if the horizontal LWP is less than 0.1 mm and is apparent if the horizontal LWP is larger than 1 mm, as based on the cases investigated in this study.

scholarly journals Aerosol liquid water content in the moist southern West African monsoon layer and its radiative impact

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad Deetz ◽  
Heike Vogel ◽  
Sophie Haslett ◽  
Peter Knippertz ◽  
Hugh Coe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Diurnal Cycle ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Water uptake can significantly increase the size and therefore the optical properties of aerosols. In this study, the regional-scale model framework COSMO-ART is applied to Southern West Africa (SWA) for a summer monsoon process study on 2–3 and 6–7 July 2016. The high moisture and aerosol burden in the monsoon layer makes SWA favorable to quantify properties that determine the aerosol liquid water content and its impact on radiative transfer. Given the marked diurnal cycle in SWA, the analysis is separated into three characteristic phases: (a) Atlantic Inflow progression phase (15–2 UTC), when winds from the Gulf of Guinea accelerate in the less turbulent evening and nighttime boundary layer, (b) Moist morning phase (3–8 UTC), when the passage of the Atlantic Inflow front leads to overall cool and moist conditions over land and (c) Daytime drying phase (9–15 UTC), in which the Atlantic Inflow front re-establishes with the inland heating initiated after sunrise. This diurnal cycle imprints, via the relative humidity, also the aerosol liquid water content. We analyzed the impact of relative humidity and clouds on the aerosol liquid water content. As shown by other studies, the accumulation mode particles are the dominant contributor of aerosol liquid water. We find aerosol growth factors of 2 (4) for submicron (coarse) mode particles, leading to a substantial increase of mean aerosol optical depth from 0.2 to 0.7. Considering the aerosol liquid water content leads to a decrease in shortwave radiation of about 20 W m−2, while longwave effects appear to be insignificant, especially during nighttime. The estimated relationships between total column aerosol liquid water and radiation are −305 ± 39 W g−1 (shortwave in-cloud), −114 ± 42 W g−1 (shortwave off-cloud) and about −10 W g−1 (longwave). The results highlight the need to consider the relative humidity dependency of aerosol optical depth in atmospheric models, particularly in moist tropical environments, where their effect on radiation can be very large.

scholarly journals Relationship between optical extinction and liquid water content in fogs

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 9623-9653
Author(s):  
C. Klein ◽  
A. Dabas
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Optical Extinction ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Studies carried out in the late 1970s suggest a simple linear relationship exists in practice between the optical extinction in the thermal IR and the liquid water content (LWC) in fogs. Such a relationship opens the possibility to monitor the vertical profile of the LWC in fogs with a rather simple backscatter lidar. Little is known on how the LWC varies as a function of height and during the fog life cycle, so the new measurement technique would help understand fog physics and provide valuable data for improving the quality of fog forecasts. In the present article, the validity of the linear relationship is revisited at the light of recent observations of fog droplet size distributions measured with a combination of sensors covering a large range of droplet radii. In particular, large droplets (radius above 15 μm) are detected, which was not the case in the late 1970s. The results confirm the linear relationship still holds, at least for the mostly radiative fogs observed during the campaign. The impact of the precise value of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index on the coefficient of the linear relationship is also studied. The usual practice considers droplets are made of pure water. This assumption is probably valid for big droplets, it may be questioned for small ones since droplets are formed from condensation nuclei of highly variable chemical composition. The study suggests the relationship is mostly sensitive to the real part of the refractive index and the sensitivity grows with the size of fog droplets. However, large fog droplets are more likely to have an index close to that of water since they are mainly composed of water.

Turbulent Mixing in Shallow Trade Wind Cumuli: Dependence on Cloud Life Cycle

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1447-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Schmeissner ◽  
R. A. Shaw ◽  
J. Ditas ◽  
F. Stratmann ◽  
M. Wendisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Turbulent Mixing ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Trade Wind ◽  
Observation System ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Helicopter-borne observations of the impact of turbulent mixing and cloud microphysical properties in shallow trade wind cumuli are presented. The measurements were collected during the Cloud, Aerosol, Radiation and Turbulence in the Trade Wind Regime over Barbados (CARRIBA) project. Basic meteorological parameters (3D wind vector, air temperature, and relative humidity), cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, and cloud microphysical parameters (droplet number, size distribution, and liquid water content) are measured by the Airborne Cloud Turbulence Observation System (ACTOS), which is fixed by a 160-m-long rope underneath a helicopter flying with a true airspeed of approximately 20 m s−1. Clouds at different evolutionary stages were sampled. A total of 300 clouds are classified into actively growing, decelerated, and dissolving clouds. The mixing process of these cloud categories is investigated by correlating the cloud droplet number concentration and cubed droplet mean volume diameter. A significant tendency to more inhomogeneous mixing with increasing cloud lifetime is observed. Furthermore, the mixing process and its effects on droplet number concentration, droplet size, and cloud liquid water content are statistically evaluated. It is found that, in dissolving clouds, liquid water content and droplet number concentration are decreased by about 50% compared to actively growing clouds. Conversely, the droplet size remains almost constant, which can be attributed to the existence of a humid shell around the cloud that prevents cloud droplets from rapid evaporation after entrainment of premoistened air. Moreover, signs of secondary activation are found, which results in a more difficult interpretation of observed mixing diagrams.

Measurement of Liquid Water Content Inside the Gas Diffusion Layer

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddiq Hussain Tahseen ◽  
Kehan Chen ◽  
Mehdi Shahraeeni ◽  
Samuel C. M. Yew ◽  
Mina Hoorfar
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Capillary Pressure ◽  
Diffusion Layer ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Gas Diffusion Layer ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

The amount of the liquid water present at the gas diffusion layer (GDL) has an impact on the diffusivity, capillary pressure and the permeability which in turn influences convective and diffusive transport. A prodigious amount of research has been conducted to study and measure the different properties (time of breakthrough and capillary pressure versus saturation) associated with the breakthrough condition. However, most of the reported data ignored the impact of expansion of different components in the set-up (such as tubing) and the condition after the time of breakthrough. The focus of this study is to measure the breakthrough pressure and time of breakthrough and hence determine the liquid water content inside the GDL before the time of breakthrough. The measurements are performed for different samples to study the effect of the thickness and hydrophobic contents. The results show that expansion has significant difference in the determination of water volume inside the GDL.

scholarly journals Active prevention of snow accumulation on cameras of autonomous vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Behrouz Mohammadian ◽  
Mehdi Sarayloo ◽  
Jamie Heil ◽  
Haiping Hong ◽  
Sunil Patil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Collision Efficiency ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Wind Velocities ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Accumulation of atmospheric icing, particularly wet snow, on the visual sensors/navigators of autonomous vehicles (AVs) increases the possibility of accidents by obstructing the lenses of the sensors. Here, two navigator designs were suggested that use airflow across the lens surfaces of the AVs to prevent snow accumulation on them. The impact of airflow intensity across the lens, wind velocity (relative velocity of wind with respect to vehicle), and liquid water content of snow on prevention of snow accumulation on the lenses of the AVs was explored experimentally. Here, artificial snow grains were formed using a novel snow gun and their average sizes at low liquid water content (LWC of ≈ 8%) and high liquid water content (LWC of ≈ 28%) were measured to study the impact of grain sizes on snow accumulation on camera lenses. The effects of wind velocity, snow density, and diameter of the snow grains on their trajectory in the testing section were also studied numerically. The results indicated that the snow grains with higher velocity, density, or diameter possessed higher inertia forces and were more prone to collide with the navigator, increasing collision efficiency of snow grains. We realized that the airflow across the lens effectively prevented snow accumulation on the lens at vehicle/wind velocities of up to 20 mph. The proposed designs actively reduced the snow accumulation on the camera lens, promising to be applied in future AVs. Graphic abstract

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