Study of the Influence of Temperature on Low-Cost Piezoelectric Transducer Response for 3D Printing Process Monitoring

The 3D printing process deals with the production of three-dimensional objects with defined geometries. However, this manufacturing process has a crucial point established at the beginning of the object manufacturing, where anomalies can occur and compromise the entire object produced. The piezoelectric diaphragm has been studied as an alternative to the conventional acoustic emission (AE) sensor concerning the monitoring of structures and processes. It has in its assembling a ceramic element with piezoelectric properties, which makes its response sensitive to temperature variations. The Pencil Lead Break (PLB) method is widely used due to its efficiency in the characterization of AE sensors. The present work aims to study the influence of temperature on the piezoelectric diaphragm response for the monitoring of the 3D printing process. PLB tests were performed on the glass surface of a 3D printer at three different temperatures, and the raw signal was collected at 5 MHz sample rate. The signal was investigated in the time and frequency domain. The results demonstrate that the frequency response of the sensor is directly influenced by the temperature variations. In addition, the signal amplitude variations occur differently along the entire spectrum, and frequency bands with small and large amplitude variations can be selected for a comparison study. Furthermore, two frequency bands were carefully selected, and the mean error was obtained regarding the reference temperatures of 25 and 45 °C. It can be inferred that the piezoelectric transducer has low sensitivity to temperature variation if a proper frequency band is selected, where an acceptable error of 16.9% was obtained.

Download Full-text

Miniaturization of ESPAR Antenna Using Low-Cost 3D Printing Process

2020 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP) ◽

10.23919/eucap48036.2020.9135382 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

M. Czelen ◽

M. Rzymowski ◽

K. Nyka ◽

L. Kulas

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Low Cost ◽

Printing Process

Download Full-text

EOS completes pilot phase for 3D printing process monitoring system

Metal Powder Report ◽

10.1016/j.mprp.2016.10.009 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 71 (6) ◽

pp. 471

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Monitoring System ◽

Process Monitoring ◽

Pilot Phase ◽

Printing Process

Download Full-text

On the Analysis of a Compromised Additive Manufacturing System Using Spatio-Temporal Decomposition

Volume 2B: 45th Design Automation Conference ◽

10.1115/detc2019-97732 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Sakthi Kumar Arul Prakash ◽

Tobias Mahan ◽

Glen Williams ◽

Christopher McComb ◽

Jessica Menold ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Structural Integrity ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cyber Attack ◽

Printing Process ◽

Solid Models ◽

Statistical Validity ◽

3D Printers ◽

Phase Variations ◽

Spatio Temporal

Abstract 3D printing systems have expanded the access to low cost, rapid methods for attaining physical prototypes or products. However, a cyber attack, system error, or operator error on a 3D printing system may result in catastrophic situations, ranging from complete product failure, to small types of defects which weaken the structural integrity of the product, making it unreliable for its intended use. Such defects can be introduced early-on via solid models or through G-codes for printer movements at a later stage. Previous works have studied the use of image classifiers to predict defects in real-time as a print is in progress and also by studying the printed entity once the print is complete. However, a major restriction in the functionality of these methods is the availability of a dataset capturing diverse attacks on printed entities or the printing process. This paper introduces a visual inspection technique that analyzes the amplitude and phase variations of the print head platform arising through induced system manipulations. The method uses an image sequence of a 3D printing process captured via an off the shelf camera to perform an offline multi-scale, multi-orientation decomposition to amplify imperceptible system movements attributable to a change in system parameters. The authors hypothesize that a change in the amplitude envelope and instantaneous phase response as a result of a change in the end effector translational instructions, to be correlated with an AM system compromise. A case study is presented that tests the hypothesis and provides statistical validity in support of the method. The method has the potential to enhance the robustness of cyber-physical systems such as 3D printers that rely on secure, high quality hardware and software to perform optimally.

Download Full-text

Monitoring of Particulate Matter Emissions from 3D Printing Activity in the Home Setting

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21093247 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 3247

Author(s):

Shirin Khaki ◽

Emer Duffy ◽

Alan F. Smeaton ◽

Aoife Morrin

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

3D Printing ◽

Low Cost ◽

Heating Process ◽

Home Setting ◽

Printing Process ◽

3D Print ◽

3D Printers ◽

The Impact ◽

Filament Type

Consumer-level 3D printers are becoming increasingly prevalent in home settings. However, research shows that printing with these desktop 3D printers can impact indoor air quality (IAQ). This study examined particulate matter (PM) emissions generated by 3D printers in an indoor domestic setting. Print filament type, brand, and color were investigated and shown to all have significant impacts on the PM emission profiles over time. For example, emission rates were observed to vary by up to 150-fold, depending on the brand of a specific filament being used. Various printer settings (e.g., fan speed, infill density, extruder temperature) were also investigated. This study identifies that high levels of PM are triggered by the filament heating process and that accessible, user-controlled print settings can be used to modulate the PM emission from the 3D printing process. Considering these findings, a low-cost home IAQ sensor was evaluated as a potential means to enable a home user to monitor PM emissions from their 3D printing activities. This sensing approach was demonstrated to detect the timepoint where the onset of PM emission from a 3D print occurs. Therefore, these low-cost sensors could serve to inform the user when PM levels in the home become elevated significantly on account of this activity and furthermore, can indicate the time at which PM levels return to baseline after the printing process and/or after adding ventilation. By deploying such sensors at home, domestic users of 3D printers can assess the impact of filament type, color, and brand that they utilize on PM emissions, as well as be informed of how their selected print settings can impact their PM exposure levels.

Download Full-text

Development of Wood-Based Composites Material for 3D Printing Process

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.987 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 315 ◽

pp. 987-991 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Wahab Saidin ◽

Abdullah Wagiman ◽

Mustaffa Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

3D Printing ◽

Surface Quality ◽

Low Cost ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Dimensional Accuracy ◽

Wood Powder ◽

Powder Preparation ◽

Printing Process ◽

Powder Content

This paper presents the development of wood-based composites material for 3D Printing process. The aim is to characterize the waste material from wood powder (WD) as an alternative material and low cost production for rapid prototyping product. The powder blends containing wood powder (90-120µm) with commercial ZP102 material from Z Corporation was used as the composite material. The materials were mechanically blended to produce composition of WD/ZP102(vol.%) 25:70, 50:50 and 75:25 respectively. The material was successfully processed on 3D printers machine, to produce three-dimensional components and followed by post-treatment with ZMax solution to enhance the mechanical properties. The mechanical properties, dimensional accuracy and surface quality of the components were evaluated and the results were compared with the standard ZP102 material. The result shows that the mechanical properties improved with the increased of wood powder content up to 50 (vol.%). However, dimensional accuracy and surface quality were decreased as the wood content increased. Further work on powder preparation is continued for surface quality improvement.

Download Full-text

The effect of temperature on high-resolution TEM image contrast

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100139573 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 640-641

Author(s):

T. Geipel ◽

W. Mader ◽

P. Pirouz

Keyword(s):

Form Factor ◽

Inelastic Scattering ◽

Accurate Method ◽

Waller Factor ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Specimen Thickness ◽

Influence Of Temperature ◽

Debye Waller Factor ◽

Influence Of Temperature On ◽

Atomic Form Factor

Temperature affects both elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons in a crystal. The Debye-Waller factor, B, describes the influence of temperature on the elastic scattering of electrons, whereas the imaginary part of the (complex) atomic form factor, fc = fr + ifi, describes the influence of temperature on the inelastic scattering of electrons (i.e. absorption). In HRTEM simulations, two possible ways to include absorption are: (i) an approximate method in which absorption is described by a phenomenological constant, μ, i.e. fi; - μfr, with the real part of the atomic form factor, fr, obtained from Hartree-Fock calculations, (ii) a more accurate method in which the absorptive components, fi of the atomic form factor are explicitly calculated. In this contribution, the inclusion of both the Debye-Waller factor and absorption on HRTEM images of a (Oll)-oriented GaAs crystal are presented (using the EMS software.Fig. 1 shows the the amplitudes and phases of the dominant 111 beams as a function of the specimen thickness, t, for the cases when μ = 0 (i.e. no absorption, solid line) and μ = 0.1 (with absorption, dashed line).

Download Full-text