22.6 A 0.8-to-2.3GHz Quadrature Error Corrector with Correctable Error Range of 101.6ps Using Minimum Total Delay Tracking and Asynchronous Calibration On-Off Scheme for DRAM Interface

Continuing improvement in device density and performance has significantly affected the dimensions and complexity of the wiring structure for on-chip interconnects. These enhancements have led to a reduction in the wiring pitch and an increase in the number of wiring levels to fulfill demands for density and performance improvements. As device dimensions shrink to less than 0.25 μm, the propagation delay, crosstalk noise, and power dissipation due to resistance-capacitance (RC) coupling become significant. Accordingly the interconnect delay now constitutes a major fraction of the total delay limiting the overall chip performance. Equally important is the processing complexity due to an increase in the number of wiring levels. This inevitably drives cost up by lowering the manufacturing yield due to an increase in defects and processing complexity.To address these problems, new materials for use as metal lines and interlayer dielectrics (ILDs) and alternative architectures have surfaced to replace the current Al(Cu)/SiO2 interconnect technology. These alternative architectures will require the introduction of low-dielectric-constant k materials as the interlayer dielectrics and/or low-resistivity conductors such as copper. The electrical and thermomechanical properties of SiO2 are ideal for ILD applications, and a change to material with different properties has important process-integration implications. To facilitate the choice of an alternative ILD, it is necessary to establish general criterion for evaluating thin-film properties of candidate low-k materials, which can be later correlated with process-integration problems.

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Low-Dielectric-Constant Materials for ULSI Interlayer-Dielectric Applications

MRS Bulletin ◽

10.1557/s0883769400034151 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 19-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Wei William Lee ◽

Paul S. Ho

Keyword(s):

Packing Density ◽

Propagation Delay ◽

Single Chip ◽

Crosstalk Noise ◽

Metal Line ◽

Total Delay ◽

Interlayer Dielectric ◽

Low Dielectric ◽

Interconnect Delay ◽

Interconnect Technology

Continuing improvement of microprocessor performance historically involves a decrease in the device size. This allows greater device speed, an increase in device packing density, and an increase in the number of functions that can reside on a single chip. However higher packing density requires a much larger increase in the number of interconnects. This has led to an increase in the number of wiring levels and a reduction in the wiring pitch (sum of the metal line width and the spacing between the metal lines) to increase the wiring density. The problem with this approach is that—as device dimensions shrink to less than 0.25 μm (transistor gate length)—propagation delay, crosstalk noise, and power dissipation due to resistance-capacitance (RC) coupling become significant due to increased wiring capacitance, especially interline capacitance between the metal lines on the same metal level. The smaller line dimensions increase the resistivity (R) of the metal lines, and the narrower interline spacing increases the capacitance (C) between the lines. Thus although the speed of the device will increase as the feature size decreases, the interconnect delay becomes the major fraction of the total delay and limits improvement in device performance.To address these problems, new materials for use as metal lines and interlayer dielectrics (ILD) as well as alternative architectures have been proposed to replace the current Al(Cu) and SiO2 interconnect technology.

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A Fuzzy Optimization Model for High-Speed Railway Timetable Rescheduling

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society ◽

10.1155/2012/827073 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Li Wang ◽

Yong Qin ◽

Jie Xu ◽

Limin Jia

Keyword(s):

Optimization Model ◽

High Speed ◽

Fuzzy Optimization ◽

Soft Constraints ◽

Accurate Approximation ◽

Total Delay ◽

High Speed Rail ◽

High Speed Railway ◽

Tolerance Approach ◽

Rail Line

A fuzzy optimization model based on improved symmetric tolerance approach is introduced, which allows for rescheduling high-speed railway timetable under unexpected interferences. The model nests different parameters of the soft constraints with uncertainty margin to describe their importance to the optimization purpose and treats the objective in the same manner. Thus a new optimal instrument is expected to achieve a new timetable subject to little slack of constraints. The section between Nanjing and Shanghai, which is the busiest, of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed rail line in China is used as the simulated measurement. The fuzzy optimization model provides an accurate approximation on train running time and headway time, and hence the results suggest that the number of seriously impacted trains and total delay time can be reduced significantly subject to little cost and risk.

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A global grid model for the correction of the vertical zenith total delay based on a sliding window algorithm

GPS Solutions ◽

10.1007/s10291-021-01138-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Liangke Huang ◽

Ge Zhu ◽

Lilong Liu ◽

Hua Chen ◽

Weiping Jiang

Keyword(s):

Sliding Window ◽

Total Delay ◽

Grid Model ◽

Zenith Total Delay ◽

Global Grid

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A Modified Two-Bun Method for Routine Urea Modeling: Clinical Validation in 120 Patients on a Free Diet

The International Journal of Artificial Organs ◽

10.1177/039139889501800914 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 553-557 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

F.G. Casino ◽

C. Lomonte ◽

R. Russo ◽

B. Di Iorio ◽

G. Chiarulli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Clinical Validation ◽

Percent Error ◽

Error Range ◽

Routine Assessment ◽

Modified Algorithm

Recently, a modified algorithm of the Two-BUN method (MA2p), avoiding dialyzer clearance measurement, was presented for routine assessment of Kt/V and NPCR. To validate MA2p in patients on a free diet (FDP), we studied 120 stable dialysis FDP by measuring Kt/V and NPCR with both MA2p and a modified version of the standard Three-BUN method (MA3p), for the 3 weekly sessions. The NPCR values (g/kg/day), calculated by MA3p for the 3 interdialyses were: 1.286∓0.274, 1.256∓0.276, and 1.116∓0.230, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) for averaged Kt/V values obtained by the two methods was 0.999 and the percent error (Error%) for MA2p vs. MA3p results ranged from -1.5 to +0.78%. The respective results for NPCR were: r=0.967, Error% range from -11.7 to +13.9%. In conclusion, MA2p can be safely used in patients on a free diet. The lowest NPCR values were observed during the long interdialysis.

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Time Synchronization in Tandem Hot Strip Line Based on Improved Broadcast Mode

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.679 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 341-342 ◽

pp. 679-683

Author(s):

Jian Zhao Cao ◽

Dian Hua Zhang

Keyword(s):

Control System ◽

Process Control ◽

Time Synchronization ◽

Process Control System ◽

New Method ◽

Strip Line ◽

Total Delay ◽

Synchronization Problem ◽

Hot Strip ◽

Distributed Process

In order to solve the time synchronization problem in tandem hot strip line, the traditional algorithm of time synchronization was analyzed, and the server-client mode was compared with the broadcast mode using multithread technology, then the present paper improved the broadcast mode to improve its precision. The new method can estimate total delay including clock offset and network transmission time. A simple, easy and little loading time synchronization method was designed for the distributed process control system of tandem hot strip line. The new method was applied in domestic some tandem hot strip line successfully which showed that it could meet the demands of process control system with little expenses, simple structure and high precision.

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Urban Oversaturated Traffic Network Control Based on Preference Multi-Objective Compatible Optimization Control

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.1373 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 317-319 ◽

pp. 1373-1384 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juan Chen ◽

Chang Liang Yuan

Keyword(s):

Control Problem ◽

Control Algorithm ◽

Control Method ◽

Network Control ◽

Feasible Region ◽

Traffic Network ◽

Total Delay ◽

Multi Objective ◽

Optimization Control ◽

Objective Control

To solve the traffic congestion control problem on oversaturated network, the total delay is classified into two parts: the feeding delay and the non-feeding delay, and the control problem is formulated as a conflicted multi-objective control problem. The simultaneous control of multiple objectives is different from single objective control in that there is no unique solution to multi-objective control problems(MOPs). Multi-objective control usually involves many conflicting and incompatible objectives, therefore, a set of optimal trade-off solutions known as the Pareto-optimal solutions is required. Based on this background, a modified compatible control algorithm(MOCC) hunting for suboptimal and feasible region as the control aim rather than precise optimal point is proposed in this paper to solve the conflicted oversaturated traffic network control problem. Since it is impossible to avoid the inaccurate system model and input disturbance, the controller of the proposed multi-objective compatible control strategy is designed based on feedback control structure. Besides, considering the difference between control problem and optimization problem, user's preference are incorporated into multi-objective compatible control algorithm to guide the search direction. The proposed preference based compatible optimization control algorithm(PMOCC) is used to solve the oversaturated traffic network control problem in a core area of eleven junctions under the simulation environment. It is proved that the proposed compatible optimization control algorithm can handle the oversaturated traffic network control problem effectively than the fixed time control method.

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Research and simulation of amplitude error and quadrature error for inductosyn

2010 2nd International Asia Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (CAR 2010) ◽

10.1109/car.2010.5456526 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Wang xianquan ◽

Wu min ◽

Zhu ge ◽

Feng jiqin

Keyword(s):

Amplitude Error ◽

Quadrature Error

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TOMOREF operator as a tool to improve weather forecasts

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7150 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Natalia Hanna ◽

Estera Trzcina ◽

Maciej Kryza ◽

Witold Rohm

Keyword(s):

Data Assimilation ◽

Weather Forecasting ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Precipitation Event ◽

Initial State ◽

Total Delay ◽

Numerical Weather ◽

Numerical Weather Model ◽

Weather Model ◽

Tomography Data

<p>The numerical weather model starts from the initial state of the Earth's atmosphere in a given place and time. The initial state is created by blending the previous forecast runs (first-guess), together with observations from different platforms. The better the initial state, the better the forecast; hence, it is worthy to combine new observation types. The GNSS tomography technique, developed in recent years, provides a 3-D field of humidity in the troposphere. This technique shows positive results in the monitoring of severe weather events. However, to assimilate the tomographic outputs to the numerical weather model, the proper observation operator needs to be built.</p><p>This study demonstrates the TOMOREF operator dedicated to the assimilation of the GNSS tomography&#8208;derived 3&#8208;D fields of wet refractivity in a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Data Assimilation (DA) system. The new tool has been tested based on wet refractivity fields derived during a very intense precipitation event. The results were validated using radiosonde observations, synoptic data, ERA5 reanalysis, and radar data. In the presented experiment, a positive impact of the GNSS tomography data assimilation on the forecast of relative humidity (RH) was noticed (an improvement of root&#8208;mean&#8208;square error up to 0.5%). Moreover, within 1 hour after assimilation, the GNSS data reduced the bias of precipitation up to 0.1 mm. Additionally, the assimilation of GNSS tomography data had more influence on the WRF model than the Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) observations, which confirms the potential of the GNSS tomography data for weather forecasting.</p>

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