Discussion on “design, construction and tests of an artificial transmission line”, “protection of electrical transmission lines”, “tests of grounded phase protector on the 40,000-volt system of the southern power co.,” “tests of losses on high tension lines.” Schenectady, February 14, 1911. (see proceedings for January and March, 1911)

1911 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1785-1841
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Electrical Transmission ◽  
High Tension ◽  
Transmission Line Protection ◽  
Design Construction

scholarly journals Design aspects of high voltage transmission line

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 853-861
Author(s):  
Jabbar Qasim Fahad ◽  
Riyadh Kamil Chillab
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Overhead Line ◽  
Electrical Transmission ◽  
High Voltage Transmission Line ◽  
High Tension ◽  
Electrical Transmission Line ◽  
Selection Of

The transmission lines are very important in the transmitted of electrical power, and the process of selecting the voltage of the line is an important task in the design and implementation process. The process of transferring electrical power from one side then onto the next place for long away. While maintaining the percentage regulation within the permissible limits is an important problem in the transfer of energy. In electrical transmission line there are important elements are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The purpose of this paper is to study and calculate economic high-tension voltage and selection of overhead line conductor ACSR.

scholarly journals On Heaviside's contributions to transmission line theory: waves, diffusion and energy flux

2018 ◽  
Vol 376 (2134) ◽  
pp. 20170457
Author(s):  
Christopher Donaghy-Spargo
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Electromagnetic Theory ◽  
Electrical Transmission ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Transmission Line Theory ◽  
Energy Current ◽  
Electrical Transmission Line ◽  
Line Theory

This paper surveys some selected contributions of Oliver Heaviside FRS (1850–1925) to classical electromagnetic theory and electrical engineering science. In particular, the paper focuses on his contributions to the development of electrical transmission line theory and his deep insights into the ‘physical’ nature of the phenomena relating to nineteenth century telegraphic problems. Following a brief historical introduction to the life of Heaviside to put his achievements in context, we explore his contributions to the reformulation of Maxwell's equations and the understanding of electromagnetic wave propagation along the external region of transmission lines. This leads naturally to his researches regarding the electromagnetic diffusion process inside the line conductors and his subsequent realization that the circuital parameters, usually assumed constant, are not always so. Finally, taking both these internal and external viewpoints of the conductors, his important work regarding the flow of energy described by his ‘energy current’ concept is presented. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’.

scholarly journals Lightning and the Electron Microscope

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 8-9
Author(s):  
Lydia Rivaud
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Energy Difference ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Benjamin Franklin ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
Electrical Transmission ◽  
High Tension ◽  
Interesting Story ◽  
Electrical Utilities

The chain of events that led to the invention of the electron microscope is an interesting story by itself. This chain has a common theme, namely electrons, and its first link is a natural phenomenon: lightning.A flash of lightning generates a stream of electrons with a potential energy difference of 100 to 200 megavolts between clouds acting as electrodes, Benjamin Franklin envisioned this as a source of energy and tried to snatch electricity from the skies, but this proved to be too dangerous.At the beginning of the century, lightning was a problem for electrical utilities because it produced surges that disrupted the steady flow of electricity along high tension lines. For this reason, in 1929 a high tension laboratory was founded in Germany with the sole aim of finding a way to test electrical transmission lines so as to make them capable of withstanding the lightning surges.

scholarly journals Analogue Hawking Radiation in Nonlinear LC Transmission Lines

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 334
Author(s):  
Haruna Katayama ◽  
Noriyuki Hatakenaka ◽  
Ken-ichi Matsuda
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Transmission Line ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Hawking Radiation ◽  
Reductive Perturbation Method ◽  
Electrical Transmission ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Nonlinear Transmission Lines ◽  
Electrical Transmission Line

Analogue systems are used to test Hawking radiation, which is hard to observe in actual black holes. One such system is the electrical transmission line, but it suffers the inevitable issue of excess heat that collapses the successfully generated analogue black holes. Soliton provides a possible solution to this problem due to its stable propagation without unnecessary energy dissipation in nonlinear transmission lines. In this work, we propose analogue Hawking radiation in a nonlinear LC transmission line including nonlinear capacitors with a third-order nonlinearity in voltage. We show that this line supports voltage soliton that obeys the nonlinear Schrödinger equation by using the discrete reductive perturbation method. The voltage soliton spatially modifies the velocity of the electromagnetic wave through the Kerr effect, resulting in an event horizon where the velocity of the electromagnetic wave is equal to the soliton velocity. Therefore, Hawking radiation bears soliton characteristics, which significantly contribute to distinguishing it from other radiation.

scholarly journals In-Cloud Icing in the Columbia Basin

2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (12) ◽  
pp. 4369-4381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Thorkildson ◽  
Kathleen F. Jones ◽  
Maggie K. Emery
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Columbia Basin ◽  
Electrical Transmission ◽  
Dewpoint Temperature

Abstract On 24 November 2005, 11 lattice steel towers of a high-voltage electrical transmission line running along the edge of an escarpment were damaged by an accumulation of rime on overhead ground wires. Cold air pooling in the Columbia basin of eastern Washington several days before the failure led to the formation of low-level fog and low clouds with temperatures below freezing at the elevation of the transmission line. The liquid water content profile of the cloud formed by air rising over Badger Mountain north of Wenatchee, Washington, is estimated using the air temperature, dewpoint temperature, and air pressure as measured at Wenatchee in the Columbia River valley below the line. Cloud median volume droplet diameters are estimated using typical droplet concentrations. The validity of the computed liquid water content is determined by comparing the measured cloud-base heights at Wenatchee with the calculated cloud-base heights. The mass and density of ice accreted on the ground wires and conductors of the transmission line are modeled using assumed wind speeds at the top of the escarpment with the estimated cloud properties. Results are compared with the density and mass of an ice sample retrieved from the field. This event is compared with other modeled in-cloud icing events from 1973 to 2007 using the period of record of Wenatchee weather data. This paper illustrates an approach for estimating the severity of in-cloud icing on the wires of transmission lines subject to cloud liquid water contents that have been enhanced by the local terrain.

scholarly journals Note on surges of voltage and current in transmission lines

1936 ◽  
Vol 156 (887) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
The Self ◽  
Practical Calculation ◽  
Electrical Transmission ◽  
Present Treatment ◽  
Distant Point ◽  
The Subject

The increase in extent and capacity of electrical transmission systems lends increasing importance to the subject matter of this note; for excessive survoltage, particularly when it occurs suddenly, is apt to damage equipment and endanger life, cause a large and virtually instantaneous rise of potential at the point struck; and it is important, in the study of its effects, to determine the resulting disturbance at a distant point of the line. A solution of the fundamental case of an infinite transmission line, at the end of which a change of potential suddenly occurs, was propounded by Heaviside, but this solution appears to be incorrect. It nevertheless seems to have been very generally accepted by engineers who have dealt with the problem. The subject has also been discussed by Jeffreys, but it is felt that the present treatment offers advantages, not only in that it leads to a clearer physical apprehension of the phenomena, but also as being more amenable to the purpose of practical calculation. The equations between voltage V and current i at any point x and time t are d V/ dx + L di / dt + R i = 0, (1) di / dx + K d V/ dt + SV = 0, (2) where R is the resistance, S the leakage conductance, L the self-induction, and K the capacity of the line-all reckoned per unit length. Whence, d 2 V/ dx 2 = LK d 2 V/ dt 2 + (RK + SL) d V/ dt +RSV. (3)

scholarly journals Modelling and Simulation of Mho Type Distance Relay for High Voltage Transmission Line Protection Using MATLAB Software

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Win Win Tun ◽  
Ohn Zin Lin ◽  
Han Su Yin
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Modelling And Simulation ◽  
Fault Line ◽  
Distance Relay ◽  
Double Line ◽  
Ground Fault ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Distance Relays ◽  
Transmission Line Protection

Transmission lines are an important part of a power system. Transmission lines have high power transmission capacity and they are prone to faults of larger magnitudes. Various faults occur in transmission lines. Therefore, protection relays are necessary to protect transmission lines. The purpose of protection system is to interrupt the faulty section from the healthy section because the fault currents may damage the electrical equipments. One of the protection relays is distance relay and it is mainly used in transmission line. Sometimes these relay are used for backup protection. Distance relays for determining the impedance need the voltage and current. Transmission lines are typically protected by distance protection relay. Distance relays are considered of high speed class and can provide transmission lines. Nowadays, numerical distance relays have been used instead of using electromechanical and static distance relays. The proposed model was verified under different tests such as single line to ground (L-G) fault, double line to ground (L-L-G) fault, line to line (L-L) fault and three phase (L-L-L) fault. SimPower System was used for modelling and simulation of distance relay, transmission lines and faults. The simulation results were obtained from MATLAB software shows the feasibility of analysis of transmission line protection with mho type distance relay for single line to ground fault, double line to ground fault, line to line fault and three phase fault at different location of transmission lines. The difficulties understanding on operation of distance relay can be cleared by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.  

scholarly journals Lumbricides as a bio-indicators of the influence of electrical transmission line in the conditions of Ukrainian Polissia

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
Ruslana Vlasenko ◽  
Ivan Khomyak ◽  
Oleksandr Harbar ◽  
Nataliia Demchuk
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Parameters ◽  
Electrical Transmission ◽  
Electrical Transmission Line ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact

The complex interaction of a man and the environment requires the creation of algorithms for predict- ing the effects of anthropogenic impact. This requires the creation of the ecosystem models where all their basic elements and relationships are taken into account. One of the most effective methods for choosing the most informative differential elements of a system is the development and the implemen- tation of bio-indication models. Nowadays the important task is the development of the bio-indication methods for various anthropogenic complex effects. The electrical transmission lines carry out a specific integrated environmental impact. It is created on the changes in the environment under the influence of magnetic and electric fields and the long-term consequences of their interaction with ecosystem components. This effect is negative for the most representatives of biota and for earthworms in particular. We observe how the number of species de- creases, the species diversity reduces and the morphological parameters change towards species with a shorter body length under reaching the electrical transmission lines. Some genera of the earthworms are able to survive under the effects of the modern electrical transmis- sion lines, although this reflects their abundance and morphological parameters. These species include Aporrectodea caliginosa and Aporrectodea trapezoides. They can be used as diagnostic genera of impact of the electrical transmission lines on biota. They can be genera indicators for the determination of the effect of the electrical transmission lines. The presence of Lumbricus terrestris shows the low electrical transmission line effects, and the presence of Aporrectodea roseа or Aporrectodea longа shows low or moderate effects. We can create bioindication models according to the relations between groups of species of dominant and subdominant specimens formed by the body size. Under the condition of creating a wide data-base and establishing the vitality parameters, it is possible to develop more advanced and efficient algorithms for the synbioindicator analysis of the impact of the electrical transmission lines on the environment.

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