Ivory nuts, produced by palms from the genus Phytelephas, possess a hard and microporous endosperm with a strong resemblance to elephant ivory. The nuts sustainable appeal made them popular as eco-friendly substitutes to ivory since they promote the development of forest communities without contributing to deforestation and animal poaching. In addition, they have been commercialized as microbeads to replace microplastics in cosmetic applications. However, this material is vulnerable to deterioration by micro-organisms and insects, as they are predominantly constituted by β-1,4-mannan, a hydrophilic polysaccharide similar to cellulose. In this context, seed endosperm was treated for 80 s by an atmospheric air plasma jet so as to modify its wettability, as plasma has been widely studied recently for seed disinfection and surface modification. Plasma treated samples were characterized by the water contact angle, AFM, and Raman imaging. Water contact angle results showed an increase from (31.5 ± 8.7)º to (78.9 ± 5.4)º, indicating incorporation of hydrophobic moieties to the sample surface. In turn, AFM images demonstrate the formation of a rough and heterogeneous coating that resembles epicuticular wax layers. Furthermore, principal component analysis of Raman imaging results evidenced contributions from wax (1156, 1170 and 1410 cm-1), carbohydrates (1020, 1080 and 1106 cm-1), and lignin (1573, 1635 and 1662 cm-1). These results indicate that plasma treatment promoted the migration of hydrophobic waxes to the surface and their crosslinking with fragmented cell wall material such as mannan, xylan, and lignin, promoting seed hydrophobization with no need for additional precursors or generation of side products.
Surface modification of activated carbon using an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma jet
