Growth, yield and water productivity of selected lowland Thai rice varieties under different cultivation methods and alternate wetting and drying irrigation

Rice production in Tanzania, with 67% of its territory considered semi-dry and having average annual rainfall of 300 mm, must be increased to feed an ever-growing population. Water for irrigation and low soil fertility are among the main challenges. One way to decrease water consumption in paddy fields is to change the irrigation regime for rice production, replacing continuous flooding with alternate wetting and drying. In order to assess the impact of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and water productivity of rice, a greenhouse pot experiment with soil from lowland rice ecology was conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania during the 2019 cropping season. The experiment was split-plot based on randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and 3 replications. Water regimes were the main factors comparing continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) with nitrogen fertilizer levels as the subfactor, comparing absolute control (no fertilizer) with 0 (P and K fertilizers), 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg Nha−1. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) significantly improved water productivity by 8.3% over CF (p < 0.05). Water productivity (WP) ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 kg of rice per m3 of water. Average water use ranged from 36 to 82 L per season, and water saving was up to 34.3%. Alternate wetting and drying significantly improved yields (p < 0.05) by 13.3%, and the yield ranged from 21.8 to 118.2 g pot−1. The combination of AWD water management and 60 kg N ha−1 nitrogen fertilization application was found to be the optimal management, however there was no significant difference between 60 and 90 kg N ha−1, in which case 60 kg N ha−1 is recommended because it lowers costs and raises net income. Nitrogen levels significantly affected water productivity, water use, and number of irrigations. Nitrogen levels had significant effect (p < 0.05) on plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, total tillers, number of productive tillers, panicle weight, panicle length, 1000-grain weight, straw yield, grain yield, and grain harvest index. The results showed that less water can be used to produce more crops under alternative wetting and drying irrigation practices. The results are important for water-scarce areas, providing useful information to policy makers, farmers, agricultural departments, and water management boards in devising future climate-smart adaptation and mitigation strategies.

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Refinement of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation Method for Rice Cultivation

Bangladesh Rice Journal ◽

10.3329/brj.v17i1-2.20899 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (1-2) ◽

pp. 33-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Priya Lal Chandra Paul ◽

MA Rashid ◽

Mousumi Paul

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Water Level ◽

Block Design ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Ground Level ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽

Below Ground

Experiments were conducted at BRRI farm Gazipur during Boro season 2010-12 to determine maximum depth of water level below ground surface in alternate wetting and drying (AWD) method. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four irrigation treatments. The treatments of AWD method were: T1 = continuous standing water, T2 = irrigation when water level reached 15 cm below ground level, T3 = irrigation when water level reached 20 cm below ground level and T4 = irrigation when water level reached 50 cm below ground level. The experiment involved BRRI dhan28 as a test crop. The treatment T2 gave the highest grain yield (5.9 and 6.2 ton/ha) in 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. Maximum benefits per hectare were found Tk. 5476 and 4931 for using 807 and 880 mm water during 2010-11 and 2011-12 respectively and thus water productivity was 7.1 kg/ha-mm in T2 for both the seasons. Continuous standing (T1) water (1013 and 1100 mm) gave comparable grain yield 5.7 and 6.0 ton/ha in 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. Minimum water productivity was found in treatment T1 (5.6 and 5.4 kg/ha-mm) for both the seasons. Application of irrigation when water was 15 cm below soil surface was found most profitable in AWD system and the grain yield was decreased when water level was below 15 cm depth. Therefore, the recommended AWD technology could increase rice yield and save irrigation water by 25-30 percent.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v17i1-2.20899Bangladesh Rice j. 2013, 17(1&2): 33-37

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GRAIN YIELD PERFORMANCE OF UPLAND AND LOWLAND RICE VARIETIES UNDER WATER SAVING IRRIGATION THROUGH ALTERNATE WETTING AND DRYING IN SANDY CLAY LOAMS OF SOUTHERN MALAWI

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479714000325 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 313-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Y. A. SHAIBU ◽

H. R. MLOZA BANDA ◽

C. N. MAKWIZA ◽

J. CHIDANTI MALUNGA

Keyword(s):

Water Productivity ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Water Saving ◽

Crop Water ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽

Continuous Flooding ◽

Sandy Clay ◽

Drying Up ◽

Significant Yield

SUMMARYA study was conducted to evaluate performance of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties under water saving irrigation through alternate wetting and drying in sandy clay loams of Southern Malawi. The varieties, Nunkile and NERICA 4, are adapted to upland and lowland irrigated conditions, individually, and commonly grown by farmers. Four irrigation regimes were used in the study: (1) continuous flooding with surface water level kept at approximately 5 cm throughout crop duration (CFI), (2) alternate wetting and drying up to start of flowering after which continuous flooding was applied (AWD1), (3) alternate wetting and drying up to start of grain filling after which continuous flooding was applied (AWD2) and (4) alternate wetting and drying throughout the crop duration (AWD3). While seasonal crop water requirement was 690 mm, total irrigation depths were 1923.61, 1307.81, 1160.61 and 807.87 mm for the four regimes respectively. The CFI treatment used 32%, 40% and 58% more water than AWD1, AWD2, and AWD3 regimes respectively. In the same treatment order, the average yields per treatment for Nunkile were 4.92, 4.75, 4.74, and 4.47 t ha−1 with significant yield differences among CFI, AWD2 and AWD3 treatments. The average yields per treatment for NERICA 4 were 3.93, 3.75, 3.75, and 3.71 t ha−1 with significant yield differences only between CFI and all AWD treatments. Crop water productivity (CWP) was higher for Nunkile compared with NERICA 4 across all irrigation treatments, while CWP for CFI treatment was superior to all three AWD treatments grown under either variety. Thus, CWP was not increased with AWD irrigations. AWD till flowering and grain filling did not significantly differ with respect to yield and CWP. It is suggested that for similar conditions and where water is scarce, rice can be grown by AWD till grain filling as it saved more water. An important part of the research is to extend the initial results beyond the climate and soils of study.

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Effect of Irrigation Practices on Water Use Its Efficiency and Economic Yield in Rice Varieties

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i2030809 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 67-71

Author(s):

P. Kunjammal ◽

Subbalakshmi Lokanadhan ◽

S. Murali Krishnasamy ◽

D. Jawahar ◽

K. Ganesamurthy

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Rice Variety ◽

Flood Irrigation ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Agricultural College ◽

Irrigation Practice ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Irrigation Practices

A field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural College & Research Institute, Coimbatore in research farm during samba season 2018-2019 to assess the water use and its efficiency in different rice varieties comprising aromatic rice, land races, popular cultivars and recent released variety under modified irrigation practices. The experimental design was a split plot with three replications. The main plots with contionous flooding and modified irrigation practices and sub plots with eight varieties as treatments viz., (S1) Kalanamak, (S2) Jeeragasamba, (S3) Kavuni, (S4) Mappilaisamba, (S5)Improved TNAU White ponni, (S6) Bhavani, (S7) CO 51 and (S8) CO 52. Irrigation practice of alternate wetting and drying, monitoring with field tube registered lower consumption of water (900 mm) with less number of irrigation(14), higher water use efficiency (7.3 kg ha-1mm-1) and water productivity (1682 lit.kg-1) in rice, compared to flood irrigation practices. In Sub plot with different rice varieties viz., aromatic, landraces, popular cultivar and recently released rice variety among these varieties the recent released variety CO52 recorded higher grain yield (6.6 t ha-1), compared to other varieties.

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Water Saving Irrigation in Rice Cultivation with Particular Reference to Alternate Wetting and Drying Method: An Overview

The Agriculturists ◽

10.3329/agric.v7i1.5591 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 128-136

Author(s):

MM Husain ◽

M Shahe Alam ◽

MH Kabir ◽

AK Khan ◽

MM Islam

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Low Cost ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Rice Variety ◽

Water Saving ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽

Irrigation Practice ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

Irrigation Cost

In the context of global energy crisis and water scarcity, rice production system is undergoing changes with the strategy to produce more rice with lesser amount of water. Water saving technology has therefore, been developed and increasingly adopted to irrigate rice in different countries. Impact of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation as a water saving technique on rice yield, water productivity and environment has been overviewed in this paper. On-farm trials were conducted during the years 2007 and 2008 to validate the adaptability of AWD method of irrigation in Boro rice-variety BRRI dhan29. The trials were conducted at different locations of Gazipur, in which three farmers plots of rice were irrigated following AWD method, which were then compared with another 3 farmers plots of rice irrigated in conventional method maintaining 3-5 inches of standing water throughout. The trials have revealed that AWD method saved about 365 mm irrigation water (about 27%) over the conventional irrigation practice. However, there was no adverse effect of AWD- irrigation on grain yields of rice. AWD method as perceived by farmers, although reduced irrigation cost, resulted in more weed infestation and was associated with more weeding cost. Following the impressive results of the validation trials, the demonstrations were conducted in the farmers fields of different districts during boro 2009. In general, the demonstrations were successful to impress the farmers about AWD-irrigation as a water saving and low-cost irrigation method. However assurance of timely availability of irrigation is a precondition for farmers to adopt the technique and weed management using appropriate herbicides is necessary for adoption of the technology.

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Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of roots in two rice varieties in response to alternate wetting and drying irrigation

The Crop Journal ◽

10.1016/j.cj.2020.01.007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 586-601 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tao Song ◽

Debatosh Das ◽

Feng Yang ◽

Moxian Chen ◽

Yuan Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcriptome Analysis ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽

Genome Wide

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Water-Saving Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer Use Efficiency for Irrigated Rice in the Red River Delta, Vietnam

Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.31817/vjas.2021.4.3.02 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 1117-1130

Author(s):

Ngo Thanh Son ◽

Nguyen Thu Ha

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Water Depth ◽

Nitrogen Uptake ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Water Saving ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Deep Placement ◽

Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽

Placement Method ◽

Use Efficiency

The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of water-saving regimes and fertilizer application improvement on water productivity, N-use efficiency, and rice yield. The results showed that the tested water treatments did not have significant effects on the growth and development, yield components, and final grain yield, but water productivity was significantly increased from 1.28 kg grain m-3 (W0) water to 1.74 kg grain m-3 water (W1) and 1.94 kg grain m-3 water (W2). In addition, the percentage of total irrigation water saved from W1 and W2 were 25.24-44.52% compared to continuous flooding. Fertilizer deep placement (FDP) combined with organic compost significantly increased the grain yield of the tested hybrid rice variety. Average grain yield increased quickly from 2847 kg ha-1 with 0 kg N ha-1 to 5263 kg ha-1 with 120 kg N ha-1 under the fertilizer deep placement method. The highest total nitrogen uptake, agronomic nitrogen efficiency (ANE), and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) were obtained from alternate wetting and drying at a -20cm water depth and the fertilizer deep placement method (W1N2). In addition, it also gave the highest income in comparison with the other treatments. Therefore, alternate wetting and drying at a -20cm water depth and fertilizer deep placement method should be encouraged for implementation in other regions of Vietnam.

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Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation in Direct Seeded Rice: A Review

Agricultural Reviews ◽

10.18805/ag.r-2043 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

S. Porpavai ◽

D. Yogeswari

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Rice Production ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽

Conservation Technology ◽

Direct Seeded

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is on important cereal food for more than half of the global population. Rice is a major user of fresh water accounting for approximately 50 percent of the total diverted fresh water in Asia. Due to water scarcity and huge hike in labour wage rates, direct seeded rice offers an attractive alternative for future rice production. Thus there is a need to explore alternate techniques that can sustain rice production and are resource conservative. Direct sowing of rice refers to the process of establishing a rice crop from seeds sown in the field rather than transplanting seedlings from the nursery. Direct seeded rice provides an opportunity for earlier crop establishment to make better use of early season rainfall and to increase cropping area. Effect of AWD on direct seeded rice is presented in this review paper. Direct seeded rice is a resource conservation technology as it uses less water with high efficiency, incurs low labour expenses and is conducive to mechanization. Alternate wetting and drying irrigation increased water use efficiency and water productivity of rice.

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