COVID‐19 and varicocele: the possible overlap factors and the common therapeutic approaches

Abstract COVID-19, the global threat to humanity, shares etiological cofactors with multiple diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Understanding the common links between COVID-19 and AD would harness strategizing therapeutic approaches against both. Considering the urgency of formulating COVID-19 medication, its AD association and manifestations have been reviewed here, putting emphasis on memory and learning disruption. COVID-19 and AD share common links with respect to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and pro-inflammatory markers such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4), galectin-9 (GAL-9 or Gal-9), and APOE4 allele. Common etiological factors and common manifestations described in this review would aid in developing therapeutic strategies for both COVID-19 and AD and thus impact on eradicating the ongoing global threat. Thus, people suffering from COVID-19 or who have come round of it as well as people at risk of developing AD or already suffering from AD, would be benefitted.

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Mechanismen genetischer Epilepsien

e-Neuroforum ◽

10.1515/nf-2013-0202 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ulrike Hedrich ◽

Snezana Maljevic ◽

Holger Lerche

Keyword(s):

Ion Channels ◽

Secondary Effects ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Neuronal Populations ◽

The Everyday ◽

The Common ◽

Genetic Epilepsies ◽

Idiopathic Epilepsies ◽

The Brain

AbstractMechanisms of genetic epilepsies. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders. Already at the time of Hippocrates (460 - 370 BC) it was reported on as the “holy disease” (Fröscher 2004). Today it is known that an epileptic seizure is a consequence of synchronous discharges of neuronal populations in the brain, which abruptly and usually without an observable cause evoke involuntary behavioural dysfunction or impaired consciousness. Epilepsies can have various causes and lead to extensive implications for the everyday life of affected patients. Up to 50 % of all epilepsies are caused by genetic defects, in particular the so-called idiopathic epilepsies which occur without easily observable structural alterations of the brain. Genetically caused dysfunctions of neuronal ion channels play a central role in the formation of such epilepsies. The ion channels control the ion flux over the cell membrane of neurons and thus present the basis for the excitability of these neurons. Therefore, medications used for epilepsy treatment affect predominantly ion channels. However, the common anticonvulsants have limited success, not only because one third of epilepsy patients exhibits pharmacoresistance, but also because of the secondary effects which can dramatically affect their quality of life. Furthermore, current therapeutic approaches are mainly symptomatic and do not act on the epileptogenic mechanisms which are still largely unknown. In this review article we will highlight the current main topics of our research on genetically caused epilepsies, their pathomechanisms and therapeutic options.

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Current and future therapeutic approaches to the common cold

Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy ◽

10.1586/14787210.1.4.619 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 619-626

Author(s):

Sherif B Mossad

Keyword(s):

Common Cold ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

The Common

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Neuroprotective activity of orexin system in ischemic stroke

Regional blood circulation and microcirculation ◽

10.24884/1682-6655-2018-17-2-4-11 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 4-11

Author(s):

I. A. Filchenko ◽

Yu. V. Sviryaev ◽

T. D. Vlasov

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Brain Damage ◽

Neuroprotective Activity ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Common Features ◽

Protective Potential ◽

New Methods ◽

New Therapeutic Approaches ◽

The Common

The protective potential of orexin system is a field of interest in the search of the new methods to diminish brain damage in ischemic stroke. The cytoprotective potential of orexins in hypoxic damage is associated with their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties and with their ability to activate proliferation and normalize metabolism. Even though today little is known about the role of orexins in memory and pain in ischemic stroke, the common features of the pathogenesis of these disruptions and the mechanisms of orexin-associated protection could suggest the opportunity to use of orexins for correction of these complications following ischemic stroke. Further studies of the orexin-associated neuroprotection could become the further step on the way to the new therapeutic approaches in ischemic stroke.

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Secondary lymphedema: Pathogenesis

Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

10.25259/jsstd_3_2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 7-15

Author(s):

Smitha Ancy Varghese

Keyword(s):

Interstitial Fluid ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Subcutaneous Tissue ◽

Lymphatic Vessels ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Elastic Fibers ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Secondary Lymphedema ◽

Common Causes ◽

The Common

Secondary lymphedema follows an acquired defect in the lymphatic system. The common causes leading to a defective lymphatic function include infection, inflammation, malignancy, trauma, obesity, immobility, and therapeutic interventions. Understanding the pathogenesis of lymphedema is of prime importance in offering effective treatment. The pathogenetic mechanisms such as lymphatic valvular insufficiency, obliteration/ disruption of lymphatic vessels, and decreased lymphatic contractility aggravate lymphatic hypertension and lymphstasis. Accumulation of lymph, interstitial fluid, proteins, and glycosaminoglycans within the skin and subcutaneous tissue eventually stimulates collagen production by fibroblasts, causes disruption of elastic fibers, and activates keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and adipocytes. These result in thickening of skin and cause fibrosis of subcutaneous tissue. However, the sequence of these pathomechanisms, their inter-relationship and progression vary depending on the specific etiology of the lymphedema. In this article, we discuss the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis. Further studies to delineate the exact sequence of pathogenic processes surrounding the primary triggering event can help to formulate tailored therapeutic approaches.

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The Role of gp130 Cytokines in Tuberculosis

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells9122695 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 2695

Author(s):

Kristina Ritter ◽

Jasmin Rousseau ◽

Christoph Hölscher

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Duration Of Treatment ◽

Common Receptor ◽

Promising Target ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Common ◽

Combine Administration ◽

Cytokine Networks

Protective immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection substantially depend on a delicate balance within cytokine networks. Thus, immunosuppressive therapy by cytokine blockers, as successfully used in the management of various chronic inflammatory diseases, is often connected with an increased risk for tuberculosis (TB) reactivation. Hence, identification of alternative therapeutics which allow the treatment of inflammatory diseases without compromising anti-mycobacterial immunity remains an important issue. On the other hand, in the context of novel therapeutic approaches for the management of TB, host-directed adjunct therapies, which combine administration of antibiotics with immunomodulatory drugs, play an increasingly important role, particularly to reduce the duration of treatment. In both respects, cytokines/cytokine receptors related to the common receptor subunit gp130 may serve as promising target candidates. Within the gp130 cytokine family, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11 and IL-27 are most explored in the context of TB. This review summarizes the differential roles of these cytokines in protection and immunopathology during Mtb infection and discusses potential therapeutic implementations with respect to the aforementioned approaches.

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Novel Strategies and Pharmaceutical Agents for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis: A Review

Anti-Infective Agents ◽

10.2174/2211352517666190123113843 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 89-100

Author(s):

Mohammad A. Nilforoushzadeh ◽

Maryam Heidari-Kharaji ◽

Mehrak Zare ◽

Elham Torkamaniha ◽

Sima Rafati

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Medical Plants ◽

The Common ◽

Delivery Strategies ◽

Pharmaceutical Agents ◽

As Toxicity

Leishmaniasis is a major tropical disease. There is no effective vaccine against leishmaniasis and chemotherapy is still the most effective treatment for the disease. However, most of the common drugs have many disadvantages such as toxicity and high cost. Most important of all is the development of resistance against these drugs. Many studies have tried to provide new pharmaceutical agents and formulations in various ways to overcome these problems. In recent years, medical plants have been widely considered for leishmaniasis treatment. Besides, various drug delivery strategies have been studied for the treatment of leishmaniasis in order to increase activity and reduce the side effects of the drugs. Accordingly, nanotechnology will play an important role in the preparation of new pharmaceutical formulations. In this review, we focused on various therapeutic approaches for leishmaniasis.

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Secondary lymphedema: Pathogenesis

Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

10.25259/jsstd_3_2020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 7-15

Author(s):

Smitha Ancy Varghese

Keyword(s):

Interstitial Fluid ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Subcutaneous Tissue ◽

Lymphatic Vessels ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Elastic Fibers ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Secondary Lymphedema ◽

Common Causes ◽

The Common

Secondary lymphedema follows an acquired defect in the lymphatic system. The common causes leading to a defective lymphatic function include infection, inflammation, malignancy, trauma, obesity, immobility, and therapeutic interventions. Understanding the pathogenesis of lymphedema is of prime importance in offering effective treatment. The pathogenetic mechanisms such as lymphatic valvular insufficiency, obliteration/ disruption of lymphatic vessels, and decreased lymphatic contractility aggravate lymphatic hypertension and lymphstasis. Accumulation of lymph, interstitial fluid, proteins, and glycosaminoglycans within the skin and subcutaneous tissue eventually stimulates collagen production by fibroblasts, causes disruption of elastic fibers, and activates keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and adipocytes. These result in thickening of skin and cause fibrosis of subcutaneous tissue. However, the sequence of these pathomechanisms, their inter-relationship and progression vary depending on the specific etiology of the lymphedema. In this article, we discuss the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis. Further studies to delineate the exact sequence of pathogenic processes surrounding the primary triggering event can help to formulate tailored therapeutic approaches.

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Sarcopenia, Malnutrition, and Cachexia: Adapting Definitions and Terminology of Nutritional Disorders in Older People with Cancer

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13030761 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 761

Author(s):

Delky Meza-Valderrama ◽

Ester Marco ◽

Vanesa Dávalos-Yerovi ◽

Maria Dolors Muns ◽

Marta Tejero-Sánchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Older People ◽

Cancer Cachexia ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Patients With Cancer ◽

Related Disease ◽

The Common ◽

Special Concern

The recent publication of the revised Consensus on definition and diagnosis of sarcopenia (EWGSOP2) and the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria changed the approach to research on sarcopenia and malnutrition. Whilst sarcopenia is a nutrition-related disease, malnutrition and cachexia are nutritional disorders sharing the common feature of low fat-free mass. However, they have differential characteristics and etiologies, as well as specific therapeutic approaches. Applying the current definitions in clinical practice is still a challenge for health professionals and the potential for misdiagnosis is high. This is of special concern in the subgroup of older people with cancer, in which sarcopenia, malnutrition, and cancer cachexia are highly prevalent and can overlap or occur separately. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of the latest research and consensus definitions of sarcopenia, malnutrition, and cachexia and to discuss their implications for clinical practice in older patients with cancer. The overall aim is to improve the quality of nutritional care in light of the latest findings.

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Novel therapeutic approaches to simultaneously target rhinovirus infection and asthma/COPD pathogenesis

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.11978.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 1860 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Carmen Mirabelli ◽

Els Scheers ◽

Johan Neyts

Keyword(s):

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

The Common ◽

Future Treatments ◽

Etiological Agents ◽

Novel Therapeutic

Rhinoviruses are exclusive respiratory pathogens and the etiological agents of the common cold. These viruses are increasingly reported to cause exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we review the role of rhinovirus infections in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD and we discuss the current and potential future treatments. We propose that, in order to prevent exacerbations, the design of novel therapeutics should focus on directly acting antivirals but also include the design of drugs that simultaneously inhibit viral replication and alleviate symptoms of asthma and COPD.

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