Ultraviolet exposure to the face in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum and healthy controls: applying a novel methodology to define photoprotection behaviour

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.P.E. Sarkany ◽  
M. Canfield ◽  
M. Morgan ◽  
L. Foster ◽  
K. Johnstone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xeroderma Pigmentosum ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Ultraviolet Exposure ◽  
The Face

scholarly journals Colossal squamous cell carcinoma of the face in a child with Xeroderma Pigmentosum

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
SajidS Qureshi ◽  
Pavan Sugoor ◽  
Seema Kembhavi ◽  
PrabhaS Yadav ◽  
Ramadwar Mukta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Xeroderma Pigmentosum ◽  
The Face

Time-frequency analysis of EEG recorded during unconscious expectation of angry vs. neutral faces in patients with major depression and healthy controls

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S348-S349
Author(s):  
E. Mnatsakanian ◽  
M. Sharaev ◽  
V. Krjukov ◽  
O. Antipova ◽  
V. Krasnov
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Emotional Modulation ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
The Face ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
The Right ◽  
Human Faces

IntroductionThe knowledge on brain mechanisms of psychopathology can be very useful for the diagnosis and treatment of patients.ObjectivesPatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) show attention bias to the negative emotional stimuli. Automatic (unconscious) emotional processing in such patients may become a prospective biomarker for depression.AimsWe aimed at studying the EEG-correlates of unconscious expectation of angry human faces in MDD patients compared to healthy controls.Methods128-channel EEG was recorded in MDD (23 females and 7 males) and in healthy volunteers (22 females and 8 males) while they categorized pictures as humans or animals. Half of the pictures were neutral and half were showing the faces of angry humans or animals. The pictures were preceded by cues (one for each category), which meaning was not explained to the participants. We performed the wavelet analysis on EEG recorded during the face expectation period: 1000–2000 ms from the cue onset.ResultsWe found the emotional modulation (EM) in EEG rhythms during the expectation of angry vs. neutral faces in both groups. Statistical comparison of the spectral power using 2 × 2 factorial design showed that the EM differences (P < 0.05) between the groups were in the left parietal locations in 9 Hz and in 16–18 Hz, in the right parietal locations in 27–28 Hz, and in the right frontal area in 30–31 Hz.ConclusionsThe unconscious expectation of angry vs. neutral faces resulted in EM differences between the MDD and healthy controls in the right frontal and bilateral parietal areas mostly in beta and gamma ranges.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Life events and escape in conversion disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 2617-2626 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Nicholson ◽  
S. Aybek ◽  
T. Craig ◽  
T. Harris ◽  
W. Wojcik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Conversion Disorder ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
The Face ◽  
Childhood Traumas ◽  
Severe Life Events

BackgroundPsychological models of conversion disorder (CD) traditionally assume that psychosocial stressors are identifiable around symptom onset. In the face of limited supportive evidence such models are being challenged.MethodForty-three motor CD patients, 28 depression patients and 28 healthy controls were assessed using the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule in the year before symptom onset. A novel ‘escape’ rating for events was developed to test the Freudian theory that physical symptoms of CD could provide escape from stressors, a form of ‘secondary gain’.ResultsCD patients had significantly more severe life events and ‘escape’ events than controls. In the month before symptom onset at least one severe event was identified in 56% of CD patients – significantly more than 21% of depression patients [odds ratio (OR) 4.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56–13.70] and healthy controls (OR 5.81, 95% CI 1.86–18.2). In the same time period 53% of CD patients had at least one ‘high escape’ event – again significantly higher than 14% in depression patients (OR 6.90, 95% CI 2.05–23.6) and 0% in healthy controls. Previous sexual abuse was more commonly reported in CD than controls, and in one third of female patients was contextually relevant to life events at symptom onset. The majority (88%) of life events of potential aetiological relevance were not identified by routine clinical assessments. Nine per cent of CD patients had no identifiable severe life events.ConclusionsEvidence was found supporting the psychological model of CD, the Freudian notion of escape and the potential aetiological relevance of childhood traumas in some patients. Uncovering stressors of potential aetiological relevance requires thorough psychosocial evaluation.

scholarly journals Pareidolia in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eid G. Abo Hamza ◽  
Szabolcs Kéri ◽  
Katalin Csigó ◽  
Dalia Bedewy ◽  
Ahmed A. Moustafa
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Face ◽  
Noise Test ◽  
Bipolar Patients ◽  
Blurred Images ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
First Time

While there are many studies on pareidolia in healthy individuals and patients with schizophrenia, to our knowledge, there are no prior studies on pareidolia in patients with bipolar disorder. Accordingly, in this study, we, for the first time, measured pareidolia in patients with bipolar disorder (N = 50), and compared that to patients with schizophrenia (N = 50) and healthy controls (N = 50). We have used (a) the scene test, which consists of 10 blurred images of natural scenes that was previously found to produce illusory face responses and (b) the noise test which had 32 black and white images consisting of visual noise and 8 images depicting human faces; participants indicated whether a face was present on these images and to point to the location where they saw the face. Illusory responses were defined as answers when observers falsely identified objects that were not on the images in the scene task (maximum illusory score: 10), and the number of noise images in which they reported the presence of a face (maximum illusory score: 32). Further, we also calculated the total pareidolia score for each task (the sum number of images with illusory responses in the scene and noise tests). The responses were scored by two independent raters with an excellent congruence (kappa &gt; 0.9). Our results show that schizophrenia patients scored higher on pareidolia measures than both healthy controls and patients with bipolar disorder. Our findings are agreement with prior findings on more impaired cognitive processes in schizophrenia than in bipolar patients.

scholarly journals Impairments in goal-directed action and reversal learning in a proportion of individuals with psychosis: evidence for differential phenotypes in early and persistent psychosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Suetani ◽  
Andrea Baker ◽  
Kelly Garner ◽  
Peter Cosgrove ◽  
Matilda Mackay-Sim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Early Psychosis ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Directed Action ◽  
The Face ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Serial Reversal

Cognitive impairments in psychosis are one of the strongest predictors of functional decline. Cortico-striatal dysfunction may contribute to both psychosis and cognitive impairment in psychotic illnesses. The decision-making processes underlying goal-directed action and serial reversal learning can be measured and are sensitive to changes reflecting cortico-striatal dysfunction. As such, changes in decision-making performance may assist with predicting functional decline in people with psychosis. We assessed decision-making processes in healthy controls (N=34), and those with early psychosis (N=15) and persistent psychosis (N=45). We subclassified subjects based on intact/impaired goal-directed action. Compared with healthy controls (<20%), a large proportion (58%) of those with persistent psychosis displayed impaired goal-directed action, predicting poor serial reversal learning performance. Computational approaches indicated that those with persistent psychosis were less deterministic in their decision-making. Those with impaired goal-directed action had a decreased capacity to rapidly update their prior beliefs in the face of changing contingencies. In contrast, the early psychosis group included a lower proportion of individuals with impaired goal-directed action (20%) and displayed a different cognitive phenotype from those with persistent psychosis. These findings suggest prominent decision-making deficits, indicative of cortico-striatal dysfunction, are present in a large proportion of people with persistent psychosis while those with early psychosis have relatively intact decision-making processes compared to healthy controls. It is unclear if there is a progressive decline in decision-making processes in some individuals with psychosis or if the presence of decision-making processes in early psychosis is predictive of a persistent trajectory of illness.

scholarly journals The hidden identity of faces: A case of lifelong prosopagnosia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Wegrzyn ◽  
Annika Garlichs ◽  
Richard W. K. Heß ◽  
Friedrich G. Woermann ◽  
Kirsten Labudda
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Configural Processing ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
The Face ◽  
Normal Object

Not being able to recognize a person's face is a highly debilitating condition from which people with developmental prosopagnosia (DP) suffer their entire life. Here we describe the case of JB, a 30 year old woman who reports being unable to recognize her parents, her husband, or herself in the mirror. We set out to assess the severity of JB's prosopagnosia using tests with unfamiliar as well as familiar faces and investigated whether impaired configural processing explains her deficit. To assess the specificity of the impairment, we tested JB's performance when evaluating emotions, intentions, and the attractiveness and likability of faces. Detailed testing revealed typical brain activity patterns for faces and normal object recognition skills, and no evidence of any brain injury. However, compared to a group of matched controls, JB showed severe deficits in learning new faces, and in recognizing familiar faces when only inner features were available. Her recognition of uncropped faces with blurred features was within the normal range, indicating preserved configural processing when peripheral features are available. JB was also unimpaired when evaluating intentions and emotions in faces. In line with healthy controls, JB rated more average faces as more attractive. However, she was the only one to rate them as less likable, indicating a preference for more distinctive and easier to recognize faces. Taken together, the results illustrate both the severity and the specificity of DP in a single case. While DP is a heterogeneous disorder, an inability to integrate the inner features of the face into a whole might be the best explanation for the difficulties many individuals with prosopagnosia experience.

scholarly journals Cell-density independent increased lymphocyte production and loss rates post-autologous HSCT

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariona Baliu-Piqué ◽  
Vera van Hoeven ◽  
Julia Drylewicz ◽  
Lotte E van der Wagen ◽  
Anke Janssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Cell ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
The Face ◽  
B Cell Subsets ◽  
Autologous Hsct ◽  
Loss Rates

Lymphocyte numbers need to be quite tightly regulated. It is generally assumed that lymphocyte production and lifespan increase homeostatically when lymphocyte numbers are low and, vice versa, return to normal once cell numbers have normalized. This widely accepted concept is largely based on experiments in mice, but is hardly investigated in vivo in humans. Here we quantified lymphocyte production and loss rates in vivo in patients 0.5–1 year after their autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHSCT). We indeed found that the production rates of most T- and B-cell subsets in autoHSCT-patients were two to eight times higher than in healthy controls, but went hand in hand with a threefold to ninefold increase in cell loss rates. Both rates also did not normalize when cell numbers did. This shows that increased lymphocyte production and loss rates occur even long after autoHSCT and can persist in the face of apparently normal cell numbers.

scholarly journals Pareidolia in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eid G. Abo Hamza ◽  
Szabolcs Kéri ◽  
Katalin Csigó ◽  
Dalia Bedewy ◽  
Ahmed A. Moustafa
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Face ◽  
Noise Test ◽  
Bipolar Patients ◽  
Blurred Images ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
First Time

Abstract While there are many studies on pareidolia in healthy individuals and patients with schizophrenia, to our knowledge, there are no prior studies on pareidolia in patients with bipolar disorder. Accordingly, in this study, we, for the first time, measured pareidolia in patients with bipolar disorder (N = 50), and compared that to patients with schizophrenia (N = 50) and healthy controls (N = 50). We have used (a) the scene test, which consists of 10 blurred images of natural scenes that was previously found to produce illusory face responses and (b) the noise test which had 32 black and white images consisting of visual noise and 8 images depicting human faces; participants indicated whether a face was present on these images and to point to the location where they saw the face. Illusory responses were defined as answers when observers falsely identified objects that were not on the images in the scene task (maximum illusory score: 10), and the number of noise images in which they reported the presence of a face (maximum illusory score: 32). Further, we also calculated the total pareidolia score for each task (the sum number of images with illusory responses in the scene and noise tests). The responses were scored by two independent raters with an excellent congruence (kappa > 0.9). Our results show that schizophrenia patients scored higher on pareidolia measures than both healthy controls and patients with bipolar disorder. Our findings are agreement with prior findings on more impaired cognitive processes in schizophrenia than in bipolar patients.

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