scholarly journals How are learning strategies reflected in the eyes? Combining results from self-reports and eye-tracking

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leen Catrysse ◽  
David Gijbels ◽  
Vincent Donche ◽  
Sven De Maeyer ◽  
Marije Lesterhuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Self Reports

An eye-tracking study of attention to visual cues in L2 listening tests

2020 ◽  
pp. 026553222095150
Author(s):  
Aaron Olaf Batty
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Listening Tests ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Primary Difference ◽  
L2 Listening

Nonverbal and other visual cues are well established as a critical component of human communication. Under most circumstances, visual information is available to aid in the comprehension and interpretation of spoken language. Citing these facts, many L2 assessment researchers have studied video-mediated listening tests through score comparisons with audio tests, by measuring the amount of time spent watching, and by attempting to determine examinee viewing behavior through self-reports. However, the specific visual cues to which examinees attend have heretofore not been measured objectively. The present research employs eye-tracking methodology to determine the amounts of time 12 participants viewed specific visual cues on a six-item, video-mediated L2 listening test. Seventy-two scanpath-overlaid videos of viewing behavior were manually coded for visual cues at 0.10-second intervals. Cued retrospective interviews based on eye-tracking data provided reasons for the observed behaviors. Faces were found to occupy the majority (81.74%) of visual dwell time, with participants largely splitting their time between the speaker’s eyes and mouth. Detected gesture viewing was negligible. The reason given for most viewing behavior was determining characters’ emotional states. These findings suggest that the primary difference between audio- and video-mediated L2 listening tests of conversational content is the absence or presence of facial expressions.

scholarly journals The Scientific Study of Passive Thinking: The Methodology of Mind Wandering Research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Murray ◽  
Zachary Irving ◽  
Kristina Krasich
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Direct Sensitivity

In this chapter, we survey methodological challenges in the empirical study of mind wandering and provide a metaphysical framework that begins to address these challenges. We argue that mind wandering is a passive manifestation of agency—passive because people cannot mind wander on command and a manifestation of agency because the onset, progression, and content of mind wandering often exhibits direct sensitivity to personal concerns and plans. To measure passive thinking, researchers must ask, “Is your mind wandering?” Worries about this self-report methodology have encouraged researchers to develop “objective” measures of mind wandering through eye tracking and machine learning techniques. These “objective” measures, however, are validated in terms of how well they predict self-reports, which means that purportedly objective measures of mind wandering retain a subjective core. To assuage worries about self-report (and, ultimately, vindicate objective measures of mind wandering), we offer a metaphysical account of mind wandering that generates several predictions about its causes and consequences. This account also justifies different methods for measuring mind wandering.

scholarly journals Eye Tracking and Learning Predictability

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Tiffanye McCoy-Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Early Intervention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Learning Behaviors

Eye-tracking is a unique research method in education to help understand learners’ attention, reading struggles, learning strategies, and learning behaviors within the context of multimedia. This study overviews the empirical studies in this field, examines the role of eye-tracking in learning predictability, and discusses the ways that eye-tracking can be used for early intervention.

scholarly journals Skipping politics: Measuring avoidance of political content in social media

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 205316801770299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Bode ◽  
Emily K. Vraga ◽  
Sonya Troller-Renfree
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Political Information ◽  
Information Flows ◽  
Media Environment ◽  
Modern Media ◽  
Self Reports

Selective exposure is a growing concern as people become more reliant on social media for political information. While self-reports often ask about exposure to political content on social media, existing research does not account for the fact that even those exposed to political content may still choose to ignore it. To effectively account for this, we employ corneal eye tracking software, such that we can observe users’ gaze and the amount of time they actually spend with political content. Consistent with expectations, the earlier a cue that a post is political, the faster a user skips over it. This trend is concentrated among those least interested in politics. Implications for how we think about social media and political information flows in the modern media environment are discussed.

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