scholarly journals Excessive rainfall leads to maize yield loss of a comparable magnitude to extreme drought in the United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Kaiyu Guan ◽  
Gary D. Schnitkey ◽  
Evan DeLucia ◽  
Bin Peng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Comparable Magnitude

Potential yield loss in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) with weed interference in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anita Dille ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
Curtis R. Thompson ◽  
Brent W. Bean ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Science Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Control Cost ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Weed Interference

AbstractPotential yield losses in grain sorghum due to weed interference based on quantitative data from the major grain sorghum-growing areas of the United States are reported by the WSSA Weed Loss Committee. Weed scientists and extension specialists who researched weed control in grain sorghum provided data on grain sorghum yield loss due to weed interference in their region. Data were requested from up to 10 individual experiments per calendar year over 10 yr between 2007 and 2016. Based on the summarized information, farmers in Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Texas would potentially lose an average of 37%, 38%, 30%, 56%, 61%, and 60% of their grain sorghum yield with no weed control, and have a corresponding annual monetary loss of US $19 million, 302 million, 7 million, 32 million, 25 million, and 314 million, respectively. The overall average yield loss due to weed interference was estimated to be 47% for this grain sorghum-growing region. Thus, US farmers would lose approximately 5,700 million kg of grain sorghum valued at approximately US $953 million annually if weeds are not controlled. With each dollar invested in weed management (based on estimated weed control cost of US $100 ha−1), there would be a return of US $3.80, highlighting the return on investment in weed management and the importance of continued weed science research for sustaining high grain sorghum yield and profitability in the United States.

scholarly journals Impact of the 2012 extreme drought conditions on private well owners in the United States, a qualitative analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Murti ◽  
Ellen Yard ◽  
Rachel Kramer ◽  
Dirk Haselow ◽  
Mike Mettler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Drought Conditions

scholarly journals 'The drought is my teacher’: Adult learning and education in times of climate crisis

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Shirley Walters
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Adult Learning ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Climate Crisis ◽  
Key Questions

In Cape Town we have been experiencing the most severe drought in our history. We are not alone.Other cities – for example, in the United States, Brazil, Spain, Belgium, Australia, Morocco andPakistan – are also learning to live under new, more extreme, drought conditions. In this article Iuse the local drought as an aperture through which to identify key insights into how adult learningand education (ALE) can and should respond in times of climate crisis. The article is exploratory, asthe ambitious topic opens up a raft of complex economic, socio-ecological and political issueswhich can only be touched upon. It aims to prompt deeper conversations about ALE and climatecrises and to identify key questions for future ALE research.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Diversity of Puccinia helianthi (Sunflower Rust) in the United States from 2011 and 2012

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. 1604-1609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Friskop ◽  
Thomas J. Gulya ◽  
Robert M. Harveson ◽  
Ryan M. Humann ◽  
Maricelis Acevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Puccinia Helianthi ◽  
Differential Set ◽  
Hybrid Selection ◽  
First Time

Puccinia helianthi, causal agent of sunflower rust, is a macrocyclic and autoecious pathogen. Widespread sexual reproduction of P. helianthi was documented in North Dakota and Nebraska for the first time in 2008 and has since frequently occurred. Concurrently, an increase in sunflower rust incidence, severity, and subsequent yield loss on sunflower has occurred since 2008. Rust can be managed with resistance genes but determination of virulence phenotypes is important for effective gene deployment and hybrid selection. However, the only P. helianthi virulence data available in the United States was generated prior to 2009 and consisted of aggregate virulence phenotypes determined on bulk field collections. The objective of this study was to determine the phenotypic diversity of P. helianthi in the United States. P. helianthi collections were made from cultivated, volunteer, and wild Helianthus spp. at 104 locations across seven U.S. states and one Canadian province in 2011 and 2012. Virulence phenotypes of 238 single-pustule isolates were determined on the internationally accepted differential set. In total, 29 races were identified, with races 300 and 304 occurring most frequently in 2011 and races 304 and 324 occurring most frequently in 2012. Differences in race prevalence occurred between survey years and across geography but were similar among host types. Four isolates virulent to all genes in the differential set (race 777) were identified. The resistance genes found in differential lines HA-R3 (R4b), MC29 (R2 and R10), and HA-R2 (R5) conferred resistance to 96.6, 83.6, and 78.6% of the isolates tested, respectively.

scholarly journals Soybean Yield Loss Estimates Due to Diseases in the United States and Ontario, Canada, from 2010 to 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom W. Allen ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
Adam J. Sisson ◽  
Emmanuel Byamukama ◽  
Martin I. Chilvers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Diseases

Annual decreases in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) yield caused by diseases were estimated by surveying university-affiliated plant pathologists in 28 soybean-producing states in the United States and in Ontario, Canada, from 2010 through 2014. Estimated yield losses from each disease varied greatly by state or province and year. Over the duration of this survey, soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) was estimated to have caused more than twice as much yield loss than any other disease. Seedling diseases (caused by various pathogens), charcoal rot (caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid), and sudden death syndrome (SDS) (caused by Fusarium virguliforme O’Donnell & T. Aoki) caused the next greatest estimated yield losses, in descending order. The estimated mean economic loss due to all soybean diseases, averaged across U.S. states and Ontario from 2010 to 2014, was $60.66 USD per acre. Results from this survey will provide scientists, breeders, governments, and educators with soybean yield-loss estimates to help inform and prioritize research, policy, and educational efforts in soybean pathology and disease management.

scholarly journals Emergence of a Novel Population of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Eastern United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 632-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Markell ◽  
E. A. Milus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aflp Markers ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Virulence Phenotype

The geographic range of stripe rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, has increased dramatically since 2000 in the United States. Yield losses to the disease have been most severe in the eastern United States, where measurable yield loss had been rare prior to 2000. The objective of this study was to examine the phenotypic and genotypic variation among isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici collected from populations in the eastern United States before and since 2000. Virulence phenotype and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to examine 42 isolates collected between 1960 and 2004. In addition, the genetic structure of 59 isolates collected in 2005 using a hierarchical sampling strategy was examined. The data indicated that the contemporary isolates (collected since 2000) were very distinct from older isolates (collected before 2000) based on virulence and AFLP markers, and that the old population prevalent before 2000 may have been replaced by the contemporary population. The old and new populations appear to be genetically distinct and may represent an exotic introduction rather than a mutation in isolates of the old population.

scholarly journals Divergent responses of maize yield to precipitation in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ru Xu ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Kaiyu Guan ◽  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Bin Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
The United States ◽  
Security Assessment ◽  
Crop Modeling ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Precipitation Response ◽  
Precipitation Threshold

Abstract How maize yield responds to precipitation variability in space and time over broader scales is largely unknown compared with the well-understood temperature response, even though precipitation change is more erratic with greater spatial heterogeneity. Here, we develop a method to quantify the spatially explicit precipitation response of maize yield using statistical data and crop models in the contiguous United States. We find the precipitation responses are highly heterogeneous with inverted-U (40.3%) being the leading response type, followed by unresponsive (30.39 %), and linear increase (28.6%). The optimal precipitation threshold derived from inverted-U response exhibits considerable spatial variations, which is higher under wetter, hotter, and well-drainage conditions but lower under drier and poor-drainage conditions. Irrigation alters precipitation response by making yield either unresponsive to precipitation or having lower optimal thresholds than rainfed conditions. We further find that the observed precipitation responses of maize yield are misrepresented in crop models, with a too high percentage of increase type (59.0% versus 29.6%) and an overestimation in optimal precipitation threshold by ~90 mm. These two factors explain about 30% and 85% of the inter-model yield overestimation biases under extreme rainfall conditions. Our study highlights the large spatial heterogeneity and the key role of human management in the precipitation responses of maize yield, which need to be better characterized in crop modeling and food security assessment under climate change.

scholarly journals The Natural Rate of Interest and Its Usefulness for Monetary Policy

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Barsky ◽  
Alejandro Justiniano ◽  
Leonardo Melosi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Lower Bound ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural Rate ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Natural Rate Of Interest ◽  
Comparable Magnitude

We estimate a state-of-the-art DSGE model to study the natural rate of interest in the United States over the last 20 years. The natural rate is highly procyclical, and fell substantially below zero in each of the last three recessions. Although the drop was of comparable magnitude across the three recessions, the decline was considerably more persistent in the Great Recession. We discuss the usefulness and limitations, particularly due to the zero lower bound, of the natural rate for the conduct of monetary policy.

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