scholarly journals The Effect of Visas on Migration Processes

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Czaika ◽  
Hein de Haas
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Policy Regimes ◽  
Policy Effects ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Migrant Groups

The effectiveness of migration policies has been widely contested. However, because of methodological and conceptual limitations, evidence has remained inconclusive. Moreover, prior studies focus on the effects of policies on inflows and fail to assess the simultaneous effect of policies on outflows. This is essential from a theoretical point of view as immigration restrictions may reduce both inflows and outflows and, hence, overall circulation. This renders the effect of immigration restrictions on net migration theoretically ambiguous. To fill this gap, and using unique migration and visa data from the Determinants of International Migration (DEMIG) project, this paper assesses the short- and long-term effects of travel visa policy regimes on bilateral immigration and emigration dynamics. The results suggest that travel visa policies significantly decrease inflows, but this effect is undermined by decreasing outflows of the same migrant groups. This confirms that migration restrictions decrease circulation and tend to encourage long-term settlement, and thereby sharply reduce the responsiveness of migration to economic fluctuations in destination and origin societies. We also identify asymmetric policy effects with migration flows declining only very gradually after a visa introduction but increasing almost immediately after visa removal.

SHORT- AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE 9/11 EVENT: THE INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE

2005 ◽  
Vol 08 (07) ◽  
pp. 947-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
VINCENT RICHMAN ◽  
MICHAEL R. SANTOS ◽  
JOHN T. BARKOULAS
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Capital Markets ◽  
Systematic Risk ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Market Reactions ◽  
Theoretic Point ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Stock Market Reactions

This paper analyzes the short- and long-term effects of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on a comprehensive sample of stock market indices from 33 industrial and emerging economies. From a finance-theoretic point of view, we employ the international capital asset pricing model (ICAPM) to analyze the incidence of the 9/11 event. Consistent with expectations, we document statistically negative short-term stock market reactions to the 9/11 event for 28 countries. More importantly, we find increases in the level of systematic risk for 10 stock markets which attest to the presence of negative permanent effects emanating for the 9/11 event. However, a great many capital markets (including the US, Canada, Japan, China, Russia, and the largest European economies) did not experience statistically significant increases in systematic risk in the post-9/11 period. The decisiveness of the evidence clearly points in the direction of resilience and flexibility of the world capital markets.

Legacies and Memories in Movements

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella della Porta ◽  
Massimiliano Andretta ◽  
Tiago Fernandes ◽  
Eduardo Romanos ◽  
Markos Vogiatzoglou
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Transitions To Democracy ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

This volume addresses long-term effects of democratic transitions on social movements in Italy, Greece, Portugal, and Spain. From the theoretical point of view, the main focus of reflection is on the long-term impact of eventful moments on social movements, especially the causal mechanisms through which legacies and memories of transformative protest events are produced and reproduced over time, enhancing and constraining contemporary movements’ repertoires and frames. The paths of democratic transitions set norms and institutions that affect protests in the long term. Without taking a deterministic view, we examine the ways in which the past is revisited and read anew how stories are selected, what is resilient, and what is transformed. While research on social movements started in Europe with historical work on labor movements, the impact of historical legacies and memories on social movements has not been much theorized. More in general, while there is a growing interest in memory, there is little systematic theory or comparative research on ways in which important events have long-lasting institutional consequences and are remembered by future generations. With this volume, we address this gap by reflecting on the ways in which critical junctures, especially the ones produced through mobilization from below, affect the social movements that follow. In particular, we analyze transitions to democracy as points of departure and look at the ways in which their paths—and especially social movements’ participation in them—play a role in enhancing and constraining the movements that follow.

Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation Reduced Tire Pressure Initiative

1997 ◽  
Vol 1589 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Davies ◽  
Tami F. Wall ◽  
Allan Carpentier
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Vehicle Stability ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Short And Long Term

After examination of the research carried out by other agencies, Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation (SHT) embarked on an initiative to adapt low tire pressure technologies to the province's needs and environment. The focus of the initiative was to explore several technical questions from SHT's perspective: (a) Can low tire pressures be used to increase truck weights from secondary to primary without increasing road maintenance costs on thin membrane surface roads? (b) What are the short- and long-term effects of tire heating under high-speed/high-deflection constant reduced pressure (CRP) operations in a Saskatchewan environment? (c) What effects do lower tire pressures have on vehicle stability at highway speeds? To date, significant opportunities have been noted on local hauls (less than 30 min loaded at highway speeds) for CRP operation and long primary highway hauls that begin or end in relatively short secondary highway sections that limit vehicle weight allowed for the whole trip for central tire inflation technology. The background and environment for the initiative and the investigations and demonstrations envisioned and undertaken are briefly outlined.

The Neurobiology of Pain

2019 ◽  
pp. 387-414
Author(s):  
Maria Fitzgerald ◽  
Michael W. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Age And Sex

The influence of development and sex on pain perception has long been recognized but only recently has it become clear that this is due to specific differences in underlying pain neurobiology. This chapter summarizes the evidence for mechanistic differences in male and female pain biology and for functional changes in pain pathways through infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. It describes how both developmental age and sex determine peripheral nociception, spinal and brainstem processing, brain networks, and neuroimmune pathways in pain. Finally, the chapter discusses emerging evidence for interactions between sex and development and the importance of sex in the short- and long-term effects of early life pain.

scholarly journals Influence of the socio-economic environment on the entrepreneurs behavior. Cases of cuba and ecuador

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 184797902199450
Author(s):  
Reyner Pérez-Campdesuñer ◽  
Gelmar García-Vidal ◽  
Alexander Sánchez-Rodríguez ◽  
Rodobaldo Martínez-Vivar ◽  
Margarita de Miguel-Guzmán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
Failure Risk ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Financial Environment

Entrepreneurship is an important part of any economy today regardless of its level of development. However, not in all contexts do entrepreneurs operate in the same way, nor are they motivated by the same factors. This research seeks to identify possible coincidence factors and differences between entrepreneurs that operate in different contexts from the point of view of their historical evolution, the duration of these and the economic and social model applied in the countries. Specifically, a comparative study is carried out between entrepreneurs from the republics of Ecuador and Cuba considering various variables such as: personality characteristics (attitude to failure, risk, perseverance and innovation), use of the available time fund for work in entrepreneurship; Impact of the environment in relation to: government regulations, taxes, level of competition and availability of suppliers, as well as the structure of personal expenses projected in the short and long term that entrepreneurs assume as a stimulus for their actions. For the development of the study, a description of the behavior of the variables was initially made and later, by hypothesis testing, to verify differences and similarities between both populations. The study allowed us to identify common and divergent aspects between both populations analyzed. Similarly, it showed how differences in the administrative and financial environment in which entrepreneurs operate generate changes in their priorities and projections.

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