Assessment of two biotypes of Solanum ptycanthum that differ in resistance levels to imazamox

Reducing seeding rates in 19- or 76-cm row soybean below the optimum rate may reduce soybean competitiveness with weeds, and indirectly increase production costs to the grower. Field studies in 2001 and 2002 evaluated the effect of soybean seeding rate and row spacing on the emergence, growth, and competitiveness of eastern black nightshade (EBN) in soybean. EBN emergence ceased within 45 d after planting (DAP), and was similar across soybean seeding rates and row spacing. EBN control by glyphosate was not affected by soybean population or row spacing. Soybean planted in 19-cm rows was more competitive with EBN, regardless of seeding rate. Increasing the soybean seeding rate in 76-cm rows from 185,000 seeds/ha to 432,000 seeds/ha reduced EBN dry weight threefold at East Lansing and nearly twofold at Clarksville in 2002. There was no increase in EBN density or dry weight in 19-cm row soybean planted at 308,000 seeds/ha compared with 556,000 seeds/ha, whereas a seeding rate of 432,000 seeds/ha in 76-cm row soybean did not suppress EBN dry weight or increase soybean yield in the presence of EBN compared with a seeding rate of 308,000 seeds/ha.

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Characterization of Acifluorfen Tolerance in Selected Somaclones of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500051821 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 408-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chang-Yeon Yu ◽

John B. Masiunas

Keyword(s):

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Black Nightshade

Acifluorfen tolerance in eastern black nightshade somaclones was characterized in two experiments. One experiment determined the involvement of absorption, translocation, and metabolism in acifluorfen tolerance. Less than 6% of the applied14C-acifluorfen was absorbed. There were no differences in acifluorfen absorption between susceptible and tolerant somaclones. More14C-acifluorfen was translocated in the susceptible than the tolerant somaclones. The susceptible somaclone did not metabolize acifluorfen while some somaclones (i.e., EBN-3A) metabolized14C-acifluorfen. A second experiment determined the tolerance of the somaclones to oxyfluorfen, diquat, and paraquat Most acifluorfen-tolerant somaclones were tolerant to oxyfluorfen but were susceptible to diquat and paraquat One somaclone, EBN-3A, was extremely tolerant to acifluorfen, paraquat, and diquat.

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Variability in metribuzin tolerance among ruderal and agrestal populations of Solanum ptycanthum Dun.

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps94-075 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 395-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

L. A. Hermanutz ◽

S. E. Weaver

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Population Variability ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

High Doses ◽

Production Areas

Solanum ptycanthum Dun. is an annual weed of both agrestal and ruderal habitats in southern Ontario, which is the northern limit of its distribution. Plants of S. ptycanthum are introduced annually to the tomato-production areas of Ontario via the importation of tomato transplants from Georgia and North Carolina. The objective of this study was to test for genetic differences in tolerance to the herbicide metribuzin among agrestal and ruderal populations from southwestern Ontario and agrestal populations from Georgia and North Carolina. We compared growth responses among and within populations to low (0.4 kg a.i. ha−1) and high (0.9 kg a.i. ha−1) doses of metribuzin applied postemergence in greenhouse trials. Only the Ontario agrestal populations had been previously exposed to metribuzin. Ontario populations, regardless of habitat of origin, were significantly more tolerant of low and high doses of metribuzin than Georgia populations. Ruderal populations were more susceptible than Ontario agrestal populations to the higher dose of metribuzin. North Carolina seedlings were as tolerant as Ontario agrestal populations. These results suggest a genetic basis for tolerance differences unrelated to previous exposure. Overall intra-population variability in response to metribuzin was low, although the Ontario agrestal populations showed significant within-population variability in height and leaf growth in response to low and high doses of metribuzin. This suggests that the ability to respond to selection may differ among populations. Lack of significant levels of genetically based plasticity also suggests that herbicide-dependent selection within populations would be minimal. Key words: Eastern black nightshade, metribuzin, genetic variability, Solanum ptycanthum

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Characterization of two biotypes of imidazolinone-resistant eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0139:cotboi]2.0.co;2 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 139-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Leslie D. Milliman ◽

Dean E. Riechers ◽

Loyd M. Wax ◽

F. William Simmons

Keyword(s):

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Black Nightshade

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Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) reproduction and interference in transplanted plasticulture tomato

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-05-060r.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 490-495 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Juliana K. Buckelew ◽

David W. Monks ◽

Katherine M. Jennings ◽

Greg D. Hoyt ◽

Robert F. Walls

Keyword(s):

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Black Nightshade

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Variability in temperature-dependent germination in eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b91-189 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 69 (7) ◽

pp. 1463-1470 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

L. A. Hermanutz ◽

S. E. Weaver

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variability ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Base Temperature ◽

Range Limit ◽

Temperature Dependent ◽

Marginal Populations ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Response To Temperature

The colonization potential of the northwardly migrating weed Solanum ptycanthum was evaluated by comparing germination profiles of southern agrestal populations with northern marginal populations sampled from both ruderal and agrestal habitats. Under laboratory conditions, the seed from five maternal families from each population was subjected to six light:dark temperature regimes from 18:8 to 40:30 °C and germination rate (time to 50% germination) and final percent germination were monitored. The base temperature and thermal time (degree-days) required for 50% germination were calculated. Seeds from southern agrestal populations germinated over a broader temperature range than northern agrestal populations but had similar rates of germination, base temperatures, and thermal times. At the northern range limit, ruderal populations germinated faster and had smaller thermal times than agrestal populations but had similar base temperatures. Delayed emergence in agrestal habitats may be a response to cultural practices. Seeds from northern populations were heavier than southern populations. Plasticity of germination response to temperature did not differ between populations. The observed levels of genetic variability in all germination parameters suggest that future range expansion would be possible. Key words: temperature-dependent germination, agrestal, ruderal, marginal populations, genetic variability, plasticity.

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IMPROVED PLANT REGENERATION OF SOLANUM AND LYCOPERSICON GENOTYPES FROM LONG-TERM CALLUS CULTURE.

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1121b ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1121b-1121

Author(s):

Chang-Yeon Yu ◽

John Masiunas

Keyword(s):

Plant Regeneration ◽

Shoot Regeneration ◽

Callus Cultures ◽

Solanum Nigrum ◽

Regeneration Capacity ◽

Regeneration Medium ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Shoot Differentiation ◽

Solanum Nigrum L

Repeated callus sub-culture reduce the regeneration capacity in many species. Our studies determined the effect of genotype and medium on regeneration of several Solanum and Lycopersicon genotypes from long-term callus cultures. In the first study, 13 genotypes were transferred to regeneration medium, including: Murashige and Skoog plus Gamborg Vitamins (MG); Murashige and Skoog (MS); Gamborg (GM); and white (WM). The greatest shoot regeneration was on the MG medium, containing the highest levels of thiamine. Shoot differentiation was greatest with 0.2 mg/l IAA and 2 mg/l BA. No plants were regenerated on GM or WM medium. In a second study, the effect of thiamine (0 to 200 mg/l) on shoot regeneration of the L. peruvianum genotypes PI199380, PI126945, PI251301, and PI128652, along with Solanum ptycanthum, Solanum nigrum, and L. esculentum `Diego' was evaluated. Shoot regeneration of Solanum ptycanthum, Solanum nigrum, L. peruvianum PI 199380 and PI25301 was best with 20 mg/l of thiamine.

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PLANTLET REGENERATION FROM ACIFLUORFEN-TOLERANT CELL LINES OF SOLANUM PTYCANTHUM AND LYCOPERSICON PERUVIANUM.

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1082b ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1082b-1082

Author(s):

Chang-Yeon Yu ◽

John Masiunas

Keyword(s):

Cell Line ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Cultured Cells ◽

Lycopersicon Peruvianum ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Friable Callus ◽

Wide Range ◽

Selection Medium ◽

Tolerant Cell

Friable callus of Solanum ptycanthum and L. peruvianum PI199380 clone 149 were subcultured on liquid Murashige and Skoog salts and Gamborg Vitamin medium with 2,4-D (1mg/l) until a fine suspension of cells was obtained. The suspension cultured cells were then plated on selection medium. Twenty-five acifluorfen-tolerant cell lines of Solanum ptycanthum and fourteen tolerant Lycopersicon peruvianum cell lines were obtained by a stepwise increase in concentration of acifluorfen. Acifluorfen-tolerant cell lines were transferred on to regeneration media with the herbicide. Shoot regeneration differed depending on the cell line and acifluorfen concentration, ranging from 0 to 37 plants per calli. As acifluorfen concentration increased in the regeneration media, the number of shoots and shoot height decreased. There was a wide range of variation in shoot morphology, which depended on the cell line.

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Herbicide Tolerance Mechanisms in Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.4.577d ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 577d-577

Author(s):

Vamsgita Kolasani ◽

John Masiunas

Keyword(s):

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Herbicide Tolerance ◽

Tolerance Mechanisms ◽

Selected Lines ◽

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Paraquat Tolerance

Eastern black nightshade is one of the problematic weeds in vegetables and soybeans in the Midwest. It is representative of a rapidly growing complex of broadleaf weeds where herbicide resistance would be expected to occur. Eastern black nightshade calli lines that are resistant and susceptible to acifluorfen were maintained on the medium without the herbicide. After two years, these lines were tested for tolerance to acifluorfen and paraquat. Tolerance to acifluorfen was maintained in the previously selected lines. The lines were also cross tolerant to paraquat. Plants were regenerated from these calli lines and grown in the greenhouse. 14C-acifluorfen and 14C-paraquat uptake, translocation, and metabolism were studied.

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