Estimating the social welfare effects of New Zealand apple imports

Abstract In Electronic Payment Networks (EPNs), the No-Surcharge Rule (NSR) requires that merchants charge at most the same amount for a payment card transaction as for cash. In this paper, I use a three-party model (consumers, local monopolistic merchants, and a proprietary EPN) with endogenous transaction volumes, heterogeneous card use benefits for merchants and network externalities of card-accepting merchants on cardholders to assess the efficiency and welfare effects of the NSR. I show that the NSR: (i) promotes retail price efficiency for cardholders, and (ii) inefficiently reduces card acceptance among merchants. The NSR can enhance social welfare and improve payment efficiency by shifting output from cash payers to cardholders. However, if network externalities are sufficiently strong, the reduction of card payment acceptance affects cardholders negatively and, with the exception of the EPN, all agents will be worse off under the NSR. This paper also suggests that the NSR may be an instrument to decrease cash usage, but the social optimal policy on the NSR may depend on the competitive conditions in each market.

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Naked Open-Market Manipulation and Its Effects

Global Algorithmic Capital Markets ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198829461.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 199-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Merritt B. Fox ◽

Lawrence R. Glosten ◽

Gabriel V. Rauterberg

Keyword(s):

Social Welfare ◽

Theory Of The Firm ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

Welfare Effects ◽

Market Manipulation ◽

Open Market ◽

Central Question ◽

Federal Law ◽

Trading Activity ◽

The Social

More than 80 years after US federal law first addressed stock market manipulation, there is still dispute about manipulation law’s foundational principles; this chapter aims to provide clarity by offering an analytical framework for understanding a specific manipulation. There has been a sharp split among the federal circuits concerning manipulation law’s central question: Can trading activity alone ever be considered illegal manipulation? Economists and legal scholars do not agree on whether manipulation is possible in principle, let alone on how to address it properly in practice. The framework offered by this chapter aims to help clarify federal law and may guide regulators in successfully prosecuting financial law’s most intractable wrong. We draw on the tools of microstructure economics and the theory of the firm to provide an analysis of a particular form of manipulation, identify who is harmed by it, and evaluate the social welfare effects.

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Social Security and the Law of Dismissal

Labour Employment and Work in New Zealand ◽

10.26686/lew.v0i0.940 ◽

1970 ◽

Author(s):

John Hughes

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Social Security ◽

Social Welfare ◽

National Government ◽

Employment Law ◽

Employment Service ◽

The Social ◽

The Law

The sweeping changes made to social security law following the election of the National Government in 1990 have had major repercussions on employment law. This paper examines the developing law on matters such as the 26 week 'stand down' for workers dismissed for misconduct, in the light of decisions of the Social Security Appeal Authority and the Employment Court and policy guidelines formulated by the Department of Social Welfare and the New Zealand Employment Service.

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Analysis of the Social Welfare Effect of Environmental Regulation Policy Based on a Market Structure Perspective and Consumer

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12010104 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 104

Author(s):

Lijie Wang ◽

Jianjun Lu

Keyword(s):

Social Welfare ◽

Market Structure ◽

Scenario Analysis ◽

Consumer Preferences ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Welfare Effects ◽

Welfare Effect ◽

Environmental Tax ◽

The Social ◽

The Government

With the implementation of regulatory policies, some new problems are emerging, such as uneven governance effects, large differences in economic growth, and social welfare inequalities. In order to promote the sustainable development of both the economy and the environment, it is necessary to provide theoretical explanations for the above phenomena. Thus, this paper constructs a theoretical model of social welfare effects based on the Cournot model. Additionally, the scenario analysis method is used to analyze the social welfare effects of environmental control policies from the perspective of market structure and consumer preferences. The findings of the scenario analysis are as follows: (1) the social welfare effect of environmental subsidy policy is greater than the social welfare effect of environmental tax policy when the absolute difference between the external value of environmentally friendly goods and non-environmental goods is less than 7.4 units and (2) the implementation of environmental subsidy policies or environmental tax policies will improve social welfare when the market structure is a completely competitive market and when both of the externalities of environmentally friendly commodities and non-environmental commodities are not the same at intervals (0, 0.335) and (−0.335, 0). We conclude that (1) the government should consider externalities, market powers, and consumer preferences when implementing environmental regulation policies and (2) the government can achieve a trend toward the development of environmentally friendly goods by guiding consumer preferences and harnessing market power.

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A journey towards employment

Metaphor and the Social World ◽

10.1075/msw.2.1.03woo ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 41-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jay Michael Woodhams

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Social Welfare ◽

Political Discourse ◽

Figurative Language ◽

Health Issues ◽

Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽

Identification Procedure ◽

Social Welfare System ◽

The Social ◽

Metaphor Theory

Metaphor plays a prominent role in political rhetoric, often used to simplify complex issues and encourage familiarity with various topics (Mio, 1997). Its persuasive and manipulative uses in political discourse are also well documented (Charteris-Black, 2005). Studies of political discourse based on Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory are numerous; however, little metaphor research has been completed in the New Zealand political context. Theexploratory study outlined in this paper addresses this need through an investigation of the metaphorical representation of social welfare and its beneficiaries in New Zealand political discourse. A corpus of texts is collected and analysed using the Metaphor Identification Procedure(MIP) (Pragglejaz Group, 2007), and corpus-wide patterns are refined into a systematic metaphor framework (Cameron, 2008). Journeymetaphors, being the most frequent example of figurative language identified, are held to be central to the language of reform in New Zealand, supported primarily by metaphorsof mobility and health. The goal of the Government’s reform journey is identified as a state of employment, and barriers to arrival at this destination are framed as mobility and health issues. Such metaphorsare considered discriminatory, portraying beneficiaries and the social welfare system in a particularly negative light.

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