Implicit Memory in Amnesic Patients: Evidence for Spared Auditory Priming

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Schacter ◽  
Barbara Church ◽  
Jonathan Treadwell
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Representation System ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
New Words ◽  
Study Task ◽  
Auditory Priming ◽  
And Control

Previous observations of spared priming in amnesic patients have been based almost entirely on data from visual implicit memory tests Our research examined perceptual priming in amnesic patients and control subjects on an auditory identification task in which previously spoken words and new words were presented in white noise We manipulated type of encoding task (semantic vs nonsemantic) and speaker's voice at study and test (same vs different) Priming was little affected by either manipulation, and amnesic patients exhibited normal priming in all experimental conditions On an explicit test of recognition memory, by contrast, amnesic patients exhibited severely impaired performance following the semantic study task, all subjects showed poor explicit memory following the nonsemantic study task Results are consistent with the idea that auditory priming depends largely on a presemantic auditory perceptual representation system

Implicit memory in amnesic patients: When is auditory priming spared?

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 434-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Schacter ◽  
Barbara Church
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Suggestive Evidence ◽  
Auditory Priming ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Specific Priming

AbstractAmnesic patients often exhibit spared priming effects on implicit memory tests despite poor explicit memory. In previous research, we found normal auditory priming in amnesic patients on a task in which the magnitude of priming in control subjects was independent of whether speaker's voice was same or different at study and test, and found impaired voice-specific priming on a task in which priming in control subjects is higher when speaker's voice is the same at study and test than when it is different. The present experiments provide further evidence of spared auditory priming in amnesia, demonstrate that normal priming effects are not an artifact of low levels of baseline performance, and provide suggestive evidence that amnesic patients can exhibit voice-specific priming when experimental conditions do not require them to interactively bind together word and voice information. (JINS, 1995,I, 434–442.)

scholarly journals Electrophysiological Correlates of Perceptual Auditory Priming Without Explicit Recognition Memory

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill D. Harris ◽  
Tim R. H. Cutmore ◽  
John O’Gorman ◽  
Simon Finnigan ◽  
David H. K. Shum
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Perceptual Priming ◽  
New Words ◽  
Auditory Word ◽  
Study Task ◽  
Explicit Recognition ◽  
Auditory Priming

The aim of this study was to identify an event-related potential (ERP correlate) of perceptual auditory priming using a method that can dissociate it from explicit memory similar to Rugg et al. (1998) . EEG was recorded during performance of an auditory word recognition test, where 17 participants discriminated “old” from “new” aural words, encoded using either a “deep” or “shallow” levels-of-processing (LOP) study task. A right-lateralized P200 effect was modulated by words’ old/new status but not by accuracy of recognition or LOP manipulation. Because this effect was driven by simple repetition rather than factors known to influence episodic recognition memory, a “bottom-up” perceptual priming function was inferred which was substantiated by its early temporal appearance. A similar ERP amplitude modulation was evident across a broader topographical region during the subsequent N400 time interval. Conversely the late posterior component (LPC; 500–800 ms) for deeply-encoded, correctly-recognized words was of higher amplitude than LPCs for shallowly-encoded and new words, consistent with proposals that this ERP component indexes episodic memory. To our knowledge this is the first report of an ERP correlate of auditory perceptual priming dissociated from explicit episodic memory.

scholarly journals Perceptual identification task points to continuity between implicit memory and recall

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Mazancieux ◽  
Tifany Pandiani ◽  
Chris Moulin
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Perceptual Identification ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Subjective Report ◽  
The Face ◽  
Trace Strength ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Memory

Adopting a continuous identification task (CID-R) with embedded questions about prior occurrence, recent research has proposed that implicit and explicit memory are underpinned by a single memory system, since there is a systematic relationship between implicit memory (measured by identification) and explicit memory (measured subjective report of recognition; for an example, see Berry et al., 2008). We were interested whether this pattern would extend to recall of information from a study phase (Experiment 1) or semantic memory (Experiment 2). We developed a degraded face identification version of the CID-R task using Gaussian blur. We reproduced previous results regarding the relationship between explicit responses on the recognition task (old/new) and stimuli identification, pointing to a continuity between explicit and implicit memory. Critically, we also found that the strength of the implicit effect (i.e., stimuli identification) was predicted by the accuracy in recall (retrieval of context in Experiment 1 and correct responses to general knowledge questions about the face in Experiment 2). Our results support the idea that memory is unidimentional and related to memory trace strength; both for recall and recognition, and interestingly, for semantic and episodic recall.

scholarly journals Suitability of the Cyclic Voltammetry Measurements and DPPH• Spectrophotometric Assay to Determine the Antioxidant Capacity of Food-Grade Oenological Tannins

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (16) ◽  
pp. 2925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Ricci ◽  
Giuseppina Paola Parpinello ◽  
Nemanja Teslić ◽  
Paul Andrew Kilmartin ◽  
Andrea Versari
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Calibration Graph ◽  
Spectrophotometric Assay ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fast Analysis ◽  
Cv Measurements ◽  
And Control ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Twenty commercially available oenological tannins (including hydrolysable and condensed) were assessed for their antiradical/reducing activity, comparing two analytical approaches: The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging spectrophotometric assay and the cyclic voltammetry (CV) electrochemical method. Electrochemical measurements were performed over a −200 mV–500 mV scan range, and integrated anodic currents to 500 mV were used to build a calibration graph with (+)-catechin as a reference standard (linear range: From 0.0078 to 1 mM, R2 = 0.9887). The CV results were compared with the DPPH• assay (expressed as % of radical scavenged in time), showing high correlation due to the similarity of the chemical mechanisms underlying both methods involving polyphenolic compounds as reductants. Improved correlation was observed by increasing the incubation time with DPPH• to 24 h (R2 = 0.925), demonstrating that the spectrophotometric method requires a long-term incubation to complete the scavenging reaction when high-molecular weight tannins are involved; this constraint has been overcome by using instant CV measurements. We concluded that the CV represents a valid alternative to the DPPH• colorimetric assay, taking advantage of fast analysis and control on the experimental conditions and, because of these properties, it can assist the quality control along the supply chain.

scholarly journals How Downward and Upward Comparisons on Facebook Influence Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissists’ Self-Esteem—A Priming Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Phillip Ozimek ◽  
Hans-Werner Bierhoff ◽  
Elke Rohmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Vulnerable Narcissism ◽  
And Control

Past research showed that social networking sites represent perfect platforms to satisfy narcissistic needs. The present study aimed to investigate how grandiose (GN) and vulnerable narcissism (VN) as well as social comparisons are associated with Facebook activity, which was measured with a self-report on three activity dimensions: Acting, Impressing, and Watching. In addition, the state self-esteem (SSE) was measured with respect to performance, social behavior, and appearance. One hundred and ten participants completed an online survey containing measures of SSE and Facebook activity and a priming procedure with three experimental conditions embedded in a social media context (upward comparison, downward comparison, and control group). Results indicated, as expected, that high VN was negatively associated with SSE on each subscale and the overall score. In addition, it was found that VN, but not GN, displayed positive associations with frequency of Facebook activities. Finally, it was proposed and confirmed that VN in interaction with the priming of downward comparisons negatively affected SSE. The conclusion drawn is that VN represents a key variable for the prediction of self-esteem as well as for the frequency of Facebook activity.

scholarly journals A gradient field defeats the inherent repulsion between magnetic nanorods

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 140271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Gu ◽  
Ruslan Burtovyy ◽  
John Custer ◽  
Igor Luzinov ◽  
Konstantin G. Kornev
Keyword(s):  
Phase Portrait ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Uniform Magnetic Field ◽  
Gradient Field ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Uniform Field ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Magnetic Nanorods ◽  
Field Gradients ◽  
And Control

When controlling the assembly of magnetic nanorods and chains of magnetic nanoparticles, it is extremely challenging to bring them together side by side while keeping a desired spacing between their axes. We show that this challenge can be successfully resolved by using a non-uniform magnetic field that defeats an inherent repulsion between nanorods. Nickel nanorods were suspended in a viscous film and a non-uniform field was used to control their placement. The in-plane movement of nanorods was tracked with a high-speed camera and a detailed image analysis was conducted to quantitatively characterize the behaviour of the nanorods. The analysis focused on the behaviour of a pair of neighbour nanorods, and a corresponding dynamic model was formulated and investigated. The complex two-dimensional dynamics of a nanorod pair was analysed analytically and numerically, and a phase portrait was constructed. Using this phase portrait, we classified the nanorod behaviour and revealed the experimental conditions in which nanorods could be placed side by side. Dependence of the distance between a pair of neighbour nanorods on physical parameters was analysed. With the aid of the proposed theory, one can build different lattices and control their spacing by applying different field gradients.

scholarly journals Achieving equitable uptake of handwashing and sanitation by addressing both supply and demand-based constraints: findings from a randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarker Masud Parvez ◽  
Musarrat Jabeen Rahman ◽  
Rashidul Azad ◽  
Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Leanne Unicomb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Efficacy Trial ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Change Promotion ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Supply driven programs that are not closely connected to community demand and demand-driven programs that fail to ensure supply both risk worsening inequity. Understanding patterns of uptake of behaviors among the poorest under ideal experimental conditions, such as those of an efficacy trial, can help identify strategies that could be strengthened in routine programmatic conditions for more equitable uptake. WASH Benefits Bangladesh was a randomized controlled efficacy trial that provided free-of cost WASH hardware along with behavior change promotion. The current paper aimed to determine the impact of the removal of supply and demand constraints on the uptake of handwashing and sanitation behaviors across wealth and education levels. Methods The current analysis selected 4 indicators from the WASH Benefits trial— presence of water and soap in household handwashing stations, observed mother’s hand cleanliness, observed visible feces on latrine slab or floor and reported last child defecation in potty or toilet. A baseline assessment was conducted immediately after enrolment and endline assessment was conducted approximately 2 years later. We compared change in uptake of these indicators including wealth quintiles (Q) between intervention and control groups from baseline to endline. Results For hand cleanliness, the poorest mothers improved more [Q1 difference in difference, DID: 16% (7, 25%)] than the wealthiest mothers [Q5 DID: 7% (− 4, 17%)]. The poorest households had largest improvements for observed presence of water and soap in handwashing station [Q1 DID: 82% (75, 90%)] compared to the wealthiest households [Q5 DID: 39% (30, 50%)]. Similarly, poorer household demonstrated greater reductions in visible feces on latrine slab or floor [Q1DID, − 25% (− 35, − 15) Q2: − 34% (− 44, − 23%)] than the wealthiest household [Q5 DID: − 1% (− 11, 8%). For reported last child defecation in potty or toilet, the poorest mothers showed greater improvement [Q1–4 DID: 50–54% (44, 60%)] than the wealthier mothers [Q5 DID: 39% (31, 46%). Conclusion By simultaneously addressing supply and demand-constraints among the poorest, we observed substantial overall improvements in equity. Within scaled-up programs, a separate targeted strategy that relaxes constraints for the poorest can improve the equity of a program. Trial registration WASH Benefits Bangladesh: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01590095. Date of registration: April 30, 2012 ‘Retrospectively registered’.

scholarly journals Conceptual Priming and Familiarity: Different Expressions of Memory during Recognition Testing with Distinct Neurophysiological Correlates

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 2638-2651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel L. Voss ◽  
Heather D. Lucas ◽  
Ken A. Paller
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Conceptual Information ◽  
Conceptual Priming ◽  
Familiarity And Recollection ◽  
Recognition Testing ◽  
Different Characteristics

Familiarity and recollection are qualitatively different explicit-memory phenomena evident during recognition testing. Investigations of the neurocognitive substrates of familiarity and recollection, however, have typically disregarded implicit-memory processes likely to be engaged during recognition tests. We reasoned that differential neural responses to old and new items in a recognition test may reflect either explicit or implicit memory. Putative neural correlates of familiarity in prior experiments, for example, may actually reflect contamination by implicit memory. In two experiments, we used obscure words that subjects could not formally define to tease apart electrophysiological correlates of familiarity and one form of implicit memory, conceptual priming. In Experiment 1, conceptual priming was observed for words only if they elicited meaningful associations. In Experiment 2, two distinct neural signals were observed in conjunction with familiarity-based recognition: late posterior potentials for words that both did and did not elicit meaningful associations and FN400 potentials only for the former. Given that symbolic meaning is a prerequisite for conceptual priming, the combined results specifically link late posterior potentials and FN400 potentials with familiarity and conceptual priming, respectively. These findings contradict previous interpretations of FN400 potentials as generic signals of familiarity and show that repeated stimuli in recognition tests can engender facilitated processing of conceptual information in addition to retrieval processing that leads to the awareness of memory retrieval. The different characteristics of the electrical markers of these two types of process further underscore the biological validity of the distinction between implicit memory and explicit memory.

scholarly journals In vitro activity of zinc oxide-eugenol and glass ionomer cements on Candida albicans

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Carolina Aguiar Cassanho ◽  
Aletéia Massula Fernandes ◽  
Luciane Dias de Oliveira ◽  
Claudio Antonio Talge Carvalho ◽  
Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Glass Ionomer ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Zinc Oxide Eugenol ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
And Control

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of glass ionomer (GIC) and zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) cements against Candida albicans. Standardized GIC and ZOE specimens were maintained in contact with C. albicans suspension (1 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 10(6) cells/ml) at 37°C for 24 h, 48 h or 7 days. A control group without any testing cement was included. After the incubation period, aliquots of 0.1 ml were plated on Sabouraud's agar, and then the number of colonies was counted. The results were expressed as values of logarithms of colony-forming units per milliliter (log CFU/mL) and were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA. After 48 h of incubation, the ZOE group presented no growth of C. albicans. GIC and control groups presented similar mean values at all tested periods. According to the results obtained, it could be concluded that, under the experimental conditions, ZOE cement was more effective in vitro against C. albicans than GIC.

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