Token Resistance to Sex

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene L. Muehlenhard ◽  
Carie S. Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
College Women ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Overwhelming Majority ◽  
Sexual Script ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Token Resistance ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Definition Of

According to the traditional sexual script, women—but not men—engage in token resistance to sex, refusing when they actually intend to engage in sex. Several studies have found that over a third of the college women sampled reported refusing sexual intercourse when they intended to engage in it. We asked 65 women and 64 men to write narratives describing their experiences conforming to the definition of token resistance used in previous studies. As in previous research, both women and men reported engaging in token resistance. However, most respondents apparently misunderstood the definition because they wrote narratives that did not meet this definition. These results refute the stereotype that most women—and only women—engage in token resistance to sex. Furthermore, these results cast doubt on prevalence data reported in previous studies. Results indicate that the overwhelming majority of women and men who say “no” to sex actually mean no.

scholarly journals Sexual practices in youth: analysis of lifetime sexual trajectory and last sexual intercourse

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1471-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luiza Heilborn ◽  
Cristiane S. Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Sexual Practices ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Social Belonging ◽  
Vaginal Sex ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Definition Of

This article examines the sexual practices of young Brazilians based on data from the GRAVAD Research Project, a household survey targeting males and females from 18 to 24 years of age (n = 4,634) in three Brazilian State capitals: Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, and Salvador. The set of practices experienced over the course of their sexual careers is characterized by traits of social belonging, elements from individual life histories, and prescribed rules of conduct for men and women. The authors compared the young people's range of lifetime practices and those from last sexual relations in order to discuss the spread and incorporation of practices into life histories. The data point to the hegemony of vaginal sex in both the lifetime repertoire of sexual practices and the last sexual encounters, such that vaginal sex provides the prime definition of heterosexuality.

scholarly journals Novas Tecnologias Reprodutivas: Natureza e Cultura em Redefinição

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naara Luna
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Infertility Treatment ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
Reproductive Process ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
Ethnographic Observation ◽  
Definition Of

As novas tecnologias reprodutivas, procedimentos médicos que substituem o ato sexual para a concepção, são objeto privilegiado na Antropologia para se debater a relação entre Natureza e Cultura. Schneider lança a hipótese que, sendo a conexão biogenética a definição fundante da concepção norteamericana de parentesco, a descoberta pela ciência de novos fatos sobre a relação biogenética transformaria noções nativas ocidentais. A assistência dessas tecnologias questiona não somente a naturalidade do processo reprodutivo, ao ampliar as margens de escolha na reprodução e na constituição do parentesco, mas afeta a noção de natureza como condições de vida isentas de intervenção. Baseado em observação etnográfica e entrevistas, o artigo analisa o discurso de profissionais e pacientes envolvidos com a reprodução assistida e tratamentos convencionais de infertilidade. O foco está em como concepções de pessoa e parentesco formuladas sobre vivências e práticas concernentes às tecnologias reprodutivas se referem às categorias de Natureza e Cultura. New Reproductive Technologies: redefining Nature and Culture Abstract Anthropology has discussed Nature/Culture opposition through the analysis of the new reproductive technologies, medical procedures aiming at conception which replace sexual intercourse. According to Schneider’s hypothesis, Western notions of kinship will change if Science discovers new facts regarding biogenetic relationships, which is the basis of American kinship conception. Technologies’ assistance questions not only the natural aspect of the reproductive process, by broadening the margin of choice in the reproduction and constitution of kin, but also compromises the definition of nature as conditions of life from which intervention is absent. The article is based on ethnographic observation and interviews with professionals and patients dealing with assisted reproduction and conventional infertility treatment, and analyses their discourse. The text focuses on how notions of personhood and kinship related to the new reproductive technologies refer to the concepts of Nature and Culture.

What Would Jesus Do? Sexuality and Salvation in Protestant Evangelical Sex Manuals, 1950s to the Present

2005 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy DeRogatis
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Bill Clinton ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
American Popular Culture ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Sex Manuals ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scientific Facts

When President Bill Clinton testified before a Grand Jury hearing on August 17, 1998 that he “did not have sexual intercourse with that woman, Miss Lewinsky,” the American public learned at least two important lessons. First, the definition of sex was debatable and second, the authority to define sex as sexual intercourse was the crucial factor in the meaning of that pesky verb “is.” The questions of what is sex and, more importantly, who defines it have been studied and discussed thoroughly by scholars of U.S. history and culture. In American popular culture the social scientific findings published in the Kinsey Reports (1948, 1953) and William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson's Human Sexual Response (1966) provided information (or “scientific facts”) for lay people regarding the diversity and possibility of human sexual expression: what sex “is.” The growing awareness since the late 1950s that sex is more than one specific act has led many people to question whether sex as we learn it from our parents, teachers, clergy, friends, books, and science is “natural” (a matter of biological response) or socially constructed (a matter of cultural control). Opinions vary, tempers flare, and the mountain of sex advice manuals available at local bookstores attests to the U.S. public's insatiable appetite for knowledge about sex.

Double Standard/Double Bind: The Sexual Double Standard and Women's Communication about Sex

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene L. Muehlenhard ◽  
Marcia L. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
College Women ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Double Bind ◽  
Sexual Double Standard ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Sexual Freedom ◽  
Communication About Sex ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Way

We tested the hypothesis that the sexual double standard, which gives more sexual freedom to men than women, might in some situations make women reluctant to acknowledge their desire for sexual intercourse. We asked 403 college women whether they had been in situations in which (a) they were with a man who wanted to have sexual intercourse, and they wanted to have sexual intercourse with him, but they indicated that they did not want to do so (scripted refusal); and (b) they were in the same situation, but they openly acknowledged their willingness to have sexual intercourse (open acknowledgment). If they had been in either or both of these situations, they were asked to complete a scale measuring acceptance of the sexual double standard, first the way they believed their partner would have completed it, and next the way they would have completed it. As expected, women in scripted refusal situations believed that their partners accepted the double standard more than did women in open acknowledgment situations. Consistent with theories emphasizing proximal determinants of gender-related behavior, scripted refusal provides sexually active women with a socially acceptable way of dealing with the sexual double standard.

The Redevelopment of China's Construction Land: Practising Land Property Rights in Cities through Renewals

2015 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 865-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
George C.S. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Urban Renewal ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Land Use Efficiency ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
Land Property Rights

AbstractExisting literature on China's urbanization focuses primarily on the expansion of cities and towns, with little attention being paid to urban renewals. The wasteful use of urban land has conventionally been attributed to the ambiguous definition and ineffective protection of property rights. This study examines recent practices in urban redevelopment in Guangzhou – a site chosen by the central authorities to pilot urban renewals (sanjiu gaizao). The research identifies a local practice in which institutional changes are made not in the delineation of land property rights but instead in the redistribution of the benefits to be made from land redevelopment. Current users of the land are offered a share of the land conveyance income previously monopolized by the state as an incentive to encourage them to engage in urban renewal. Land-use intensity and efficiency have increased, along with social exclusion and marginalization. Research findings cast doubt over the perceived notion that the uniform and unambiguous definition of property rights is the prerequisite for improved land-use efficiency and call for a critical evaluation of the current urban renewal policies that completely ignore the interests of the migrant population who outnumber local residents by a large margin.

Sex

2018 ◽  
pp. 215-273
Author(s):  
Suzannah Lipscomb
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Marriage Formation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
False Accusations

Section 1 considers sexual intercourse outside marriage, known as paillardise. Drawing on two hundred cases, it examines attitudes to sexual sin and the circumstances that aroused suspicion. It looks at the prevalence of sex after engagement, and how sex acted as a step in marriage formation, meaning women could be lured into sex by promises to marry. It also considers sex outside the context of promises to marry, and the cohabitation of unmarried couples. Section 2 considers over a hundred cases of sexual assault, many outside the legal contemporary definition of rape. It considers the identity of the predators, the circumstances of sexual abuse, the use of force and coercion, plus threats, promises, and persuasion. It also considers sexual assault in the context of conditional consent, the consequences of assault for women, and women’s strategies in the context of rape and abuse. It finishes by looking at false accusations.

scholarly journals Estimating cumulative point prevalence of rare diseases: analysis of the Orphanet database

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Nguengang Wakap ◽  
Deborah M. Lambert ◽  
Annie Olry ◽  
Charlotte Rodwell ◽  
Charlotte Gueydan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Disease ◽  
Rare Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Point Prevalence ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Population Prevalence ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Rare diseases, an emerging global public health priority, require an evidence-based estimate of the global point prevalence to inform public policy. We used the publicly available epidemiological data in the Orphanet database to calculate such a prevalence estimate. Overall, Orphanet contains information on 6172 unique rare diseases; 71.9% of which are genetic and 69.9% which are exclusively pediatric onset. Global point prevalence was calculated using rare disease prevalence data for predefined geographic regions from the ‘Orphanet Epidemiological file’ (http://www.orphadata.org/cgi-bin/epidemio.html). Of the 5304 diseases defined by point prevalence, 84.5% of those analysed have a point prevalence of <1/1 000 000. However 77.3–80.7% of the population burden of rare diseases is attributable to the 4.2% (n = 149) diseases in the most common prevalence range (1–5 per 10 000). Consequently national definitions of ‘Rare Diseases’ (ranging from prevalence of 5 to 80 per 100 000) represent a variable number of rare disease patients despite sharing the majority of rare disease in their scope. Our analysis yields a conservative, evidence-based estimate for the population prevalence of rare diseases of 3.5–5.9%, which equates to 263–446 million persons affected globally at any point in time. This figure is derived from data from 67.6% of the prevalent rare diseases; using the European definition of 5 per 10 000; and excluding rare cancers, infectious diseases, and poisonings. Future registry research and the implementation of rare disease codification in healthcare systems will further refine the estimates.

Number of Sexual Partners and Sexual Assertiveness Predict Sexual Victimization: Do More Partners Equal More Risk?

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 774-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave P. Walker ◽  
Terri L. Messman-Moore ◽  
Rose Marie Ward
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
College Women ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sexual Coercion ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Similar Relationship ◽  
Sexual Assertiveness ◽  
Number Of Sexual Partners ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

In previous studies, number of sexual partners and sexual assertiveness were examined as independent risk factors for sexual victimization among college women. Using a sample of 335 college women, this study examined the interaction of number of sexual partners and sexual assertiveness on verbal sexual coercion and rape. Approximately 32% of the sample reported unwanted sexual intercourse, 6.9%(n= 23) experienced verbal sexual coercion, 17.9% (n= 60) experienced rape, and 7.2% (n= 24) experienced both. As number of sexual partners increased, instances of verbal sexual coercion increased for women low in relational sexual assertiveness but not for women high in relational sexual assertiveness. A similar relationship was not found for rape. Among women who experienced both verbal sexual coercion and rape, increases in number of partners in the context of low refusal and relational assertiveness were associated with increases in verbal sexual coercion and rape. Findings suggest sexual assertiveness is related to fewer experiences of sexual coercion.

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