Judgments of Sexism: A Comparison of the Subtlety of Sexism Measures and Sources of Variability in Judgments of Sexism

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet K. Swim ◽  
Robyn Mallett ◽  
Yvonne Russo-Devosa ◽  
Charles Stangor
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Traditional Gender Role ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Unwanted Sexual Attention ◽  
Scale Usage ◽  
Sexist Beliefs ◽  
Role Behaviors

We compared the subtlety of four measures of sexism and sources of variation in male and female psychology students' judgments that beliefs from these scales and everyday behaviors were sexist. Participants judged traditional gender role and hostile sexist beliefs as more sexist than benevolent and modern sexist beliefs, indicating the latter were more subtle measures of sexism. Participants also judged traditional gender role behaviors as more sexist than unwanted sexual attention, suggesting the latter may less readily be identified as sexist. Variation in judgments of beliefs as sexist was related to differences in likelihood of endorsing such beliefs. This relation fully accounted for the tendency for men to be less likely to judge beliefs as sexist in comparison to women. Endorsement of Modern and Hostile Sexist beliefs was related to judgments of behaviors as sexist. The implications of the results for scale usage and identifying sexist behavior are discussed.

A Comparison of two Cohorts of College Students in Responses to the Male-Female Relations Questionnaire

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Sherman ◽  
Janet T. Spence
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Interpersonal Situations

Two cohorts of male and female introductory psychology students from the same university, tested in 1978 and 1992, were given the male or the female form of the Male-Female Relations Questionnaire (MFRQ; Spence, Helmreich, & Sawin, 1980), which assesses respondents' personal gender-role preferences and behaviors in interpersonal situations. In both genders, the means of the majority of MFRQ items decreased significantly from 1978 to 1992, but item means were still fairly close to the midpoint of the response scale. Women tended to be less willing than men to assign leadership roles to men but in social interactions with the other gender, they admitted to deliberately acting “feminine” as much or more than men admitted to acting “masculine.” Correlations between the MFRQ and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS; Spence & Helmreich, 1978) were also determined and found to be substantial. Psychometric differences between the instruments suggested, however, that the MFRQ provides unique information and may often be more useful than the AWS in detecting relationships with other variables.

scholarly journals Gender Role in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Comparison of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Module (ROME III) Between Male and Female Patients

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanam Javid Anbardan ◽  
Nasser Ebrahimi Daryani ◽  
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad ◽  
Sahar Taba Taba Vakili ◽  
Mohammad Reza Keramati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Rome Iii ◽  
Irritable Bowel

scholarly journals How consumers' values influence responses to male and female gender role stereotyping in advertising

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 893-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah De Meulenaer ◽  
Nathalie Dens ◽  
Patrick De Pelsmacker ◽  
Martin Eisend
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Role Stereotyping

scholarly journals FORM OF STANDARDIZATION AND STEREOTYPING PRACTICES THROUGH MESSAGE OF VIDEO ADS BUAVITA

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-125
Author(s):  
Asnurul Novia Narendra ◽  
Sri Kusuma Habsari ◽  
Deny Tri Ardianto
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Video Presentation ◽  
Traditional Gender Role ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This research focuses on the symbols contained in the four Buavita video ads, namely Buavita Mix Berries, Buavita Kelapa, Buavita Mangga, and Buavita Jambu. These ad videos seem to be able to segment the community into a type of society. The research aims to prove the existence of certain symbols in the Buavita advertisement video as a practice of hegemony and perpetuating gender inequality. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with four theories of cultural studies as the theoretical basis. The results showed that Buavita's ad-style healthy lifestyle became a trick of capitalism in inviting people to consume symbols and make profits. The video presentation of Buavita's advertisement is also a medium for the perpetuation of the concept of the traditional gender role that positions women as domestic agents, passive and consumptive, while men as non-domestic, active, and productive agents. 

Gender-Related Ideological and Structural Macrosocial Factors Associated With Intimate Partner Violence Against European Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Ludmila Zapata-Calvente ◽  
Jesús L. Megías ◽  
Miguel Moya ◽  
Dominik Schoebi
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Gender Role Beliefs ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Traditional Gender Role

Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is investigated mostly at the individual level, which ignores the role of macrosocial variables and possible interactions between them. We explored how two ideological gender-related macrosocial factors (traditional gender role beliefs and attitudes toward gender equality) and one structural gender-related macrosocial factor (the economic Gender Equality Index) are associated with physical, psychological, and sexual IPVAW in Europe. We examined their interactions with individual-level factors in predicting IPVAW. Secondary analysis ( N = 30,284 heterosexual women) of the 2015 European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights’ Violence Against Women survey revealed that 26.1% of women in Europe reported at least one act of physical, psychological, or sexual violence. Generalized linear mixed models analysis revealed that individual-level factors (women’s education, childhood victimization, equal say about income, partner’s alcohol consumption, and an aggressive partner) were associated with IPVAW. Adding the Eurobarometer of Gender Equality ( N = 28 countries) and the Gender Equality Index ( N = 28 countries), attitudes more favorable to gender equality were related to lower rates of psychological victimization; more traditional gender role beliefs predicted higher rates of sexual victimization. Ideological gender-related macrofactors played an important role in cross-level interactions with individual-level factors. To reduce the rates of IPVAW victimization, clinicians, educators, and policy makers need to focus on individual predictors and macrofactors to promote societal attitudes toward equality and change traditional gender role socialization. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684319839367

scholarly journals The Upshot on Princess Merida in Disney/Pixar’s Brave: Why the Tomboy Trajectory Is Off Target

Humanities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Lauren Dundes
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Hegemonic Masculinity ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Traditional Gender Role ◽  
Gender And Power

Princess Merida, the “tomboy” princess in Disney/Pixar’s Brave, won praise for escaping the strictures of femininity and maternal demands for feminine propriety. In addition to her overt defiance of gender roles and demand for agency, Merida also enacts hegemonic masculinity by mocking her suitors during an archery contest in which she is the prize. The ridicule is the prelude to her dramatic, winning bullseye that feminizes the men, in a scene rich in symbolism about gender and power. In enacting the final phase of the tomboy paradigm, however, Merida reverses her trajectory as her rebellion against femininity ebbs. She then resolves conflict by displaying vulnerability rather than performing brave deeds. This marked shift to a more traditional gender role raises questions about her stature as a model of autonomy able to withstand the pressure to conform.

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