The Civil Liberties Lobby: a Comparative Analysis

1975 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Benewick
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
National Council ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Due Process Of Law ◽  
American Civil Liberties Union ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Rights Issues

A DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF BOTH THE AMERICAN CIVIL Liberties Union and the National Council for Civil Liberties (hereafter ACLU and NCCL) is their attempt to be comprehensive in coverage. Both organizations are concerned with spectrums of civil liberties questions and civil rights issues at different levels of discourse and practice. These may range from the promotion and protection of freedom of speech and assembly as fundamental rights to their particularist application in regard to demonstrators and demonstrations, from insuring due process of law to seeking equality before the law, from advocating citizens' rights for more information from government to protecting their rights to privacy. They may also be involved in issues that are not concerned with civil liberties, a priori, but have implications for civil liberties. On any given question, there may be other civil liberties spokesmen with whom they may cooperate, compete or confront. In carrying out their brief both the ACLU and the NCCL engage in public campaigns, litigation, lobbying, case work, direct representations, educational and research activities.

From Protest to Dissent: Wartime Activism and the Founding of the ACLU

2020 ◽  
pp. 163-192
Author(s):  
Amy Aronson
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Free Press ◽  
Global Democracy ◽  
Liberty Of Conscience ◽  
American Civil Liberties Union ◽  
American Union

In June 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act, suspending basic civil liberties in the name of wartime national security. Suddenly, peace work seemed dangerously untenable, even to some in movement leadership. Nevertheless, the American Union Against Militarism (AUAM) voted to test the new wartime laws, campaigning to prevent a draft and devising a new category of military exemption based on conscience. But continuing tensions threatened to rupture the AUAM from the inside. Lillian Wald and Paul Kellogg wanted to resign. Eastman proposed an eleventh-hour solution: create a single, separate legal bureau for the maintenance of fundamental rights in wartime—free press, free speech, freedom of assembly, and liberty of conscience. The new bureau became the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). However, Eastman’s hopes to shape and oversee that work, keeping it focused on internationalism and global democracy, were not to be. The birth of her child sidelined her while Roger Baldwin, arriving at a critical time for the country and the organization, took charge and made the bureau his own.

Epilogue

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-192
Author(s):  
Donald W. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Jersey City ◽  
Constitutional Protection ◽  
Congress Of Industrial Organizations ◽  
Industrial Organizations ◽  
Police Harassment ◽  
The Right ◽  
American Civil Liberties Union

This epilogue shows that Hague v. CIO had a legacy more complex than its reputation as a speech rights victory for workers and others over dictatorial city boss Frank Hague under the Bill of Rights. The American Civil Liberties Union and renamed Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) immediately split over the decision’s ramifications. Moreover, while the ruling enlarged constitutional protection for the right of public assembly to the benefit of Jehovah’s Witnesses, civil rights demonstrators, and others, it did little to enhance picketing and other “labor speech,” or to shield union organizers from police harassment. And while the decision freed the CIO to organize in Jersey City, it did not destroy Mayor Hague, who accommodated CIO unions and was ousted later due to city politics.

scholarly journals La cuestión prejudicial europea ante planteamientos más que dudosos

2017 ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Luis Jimena Quesada
Keyword(s):  
Due Process ◽  
State Level ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Preliminary Ruling ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Due Process Of Law ◽  
Specific Discipline ◽  
The Eu

El presente artículo toma como punto de partida la importancia de la cuestión prejudicial como instrumento fundamental del actual constitucionalismo europeo multinivel, en la medida en que a través de él cabe dotar de fuerza a los principios esenciales del Estado de Derecho y de la UE como comunidad de Derecho (especialmente seguridad jurídica, responsabilidad, tutela judicial efectiva y optimización de los derechos fundamentales). Con tal premisa, se efectúa un análisis crítico de estrategias más que dudosas (no siempre aparentemente guiadas por buena fe procesal) que, por acción o por omisión, vulneran el artículo 267 TFUE poniendo en entredicho la fluida articulación del sistema jurídico europeo (de las normas de producción nacional y supranacional) y el correcto reparto del poder judicial europeo (entre la Justicia nacional y supranacional) y, con ello, la óptima realización del sistema europeo de derechos fundamentales. Finalmente, el trabajo concluye con unas propuestas que pretenden mejorar el diálogo judicial supranacional a través de un verdadero espíritu de colaboración que tenga el respaldo de una sólida formación de la Judicatura en Derecho europeo, de una voluntad jurisdiccional positiva (inspirada en el principio favor libertatis), de una dinamización de la obligación de formulación la cuestión prejudicial en los casos previstos en el artículo 267 TFUE y de una disciplina precisa de la doble prejudicialidad (ante la Jurisdicción Constitucional nacional y ante el Tribunal de Justicia).This article takes as its starting point the importance of the preliminary ruling as a fundamental instrument of the current multi-level European constitutionalism, since it allows for strengthening the basic principles of the rule of law at both the State level and the EU level (especially legal certainty, responsibility, due process of law and optimization of fundamental rights). With such a premise, a critical analysis of more than dubious strategies (not always apparently guided by good procedural faith) is carried out. Indeed, these strategies, by action or omission, breach Article 267 TFEU by challenging the fluid articulation of the European legal system (of national and supranational provisions) as well as the correct distribution of the European judicial power (between national and supranational courts) and, as a result, the optimal realization of the European system of fundamental rights. Finally, the paper concludes with proposals that seek to improve supranational judicial dialogue through a true spirit of collaboration supported by a solid training of judges in European law, a positive jurisdictional will (inspired by the favor libertatis principle), a re-dimension of the obligation to submit the preliminary ruling in the cases referred to in Article 267 TFEU and a specific discipline of a double preliminary ruling (both before the national Constitutional Court and before the Court of Justice).

V. Civil Liberties

1948 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
Robert E. Cushman
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
First Amendment ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Civil Liberty ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Freedom Of Religion ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Procedural Due Process ◽  
The Supreme Court

The Supreme Court's decisions dealing with civil liberties in the ten years under review fall into four groups: (1) cases involving the rights protected by the First Amendment—freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly; (2) those concerned with racial discrimination; (3) cases enlarging the power of the federal government to protect civil rights against invasion by private persons; (4) war-time cases arising out of conflicts between civil liberty and military power. Decisions dealing with procedural due process and other rights of those accused of crime are discussed in another part of this symposium.I. FIRST AMENDMENT—FREEDOM OF RELIGION, SPEECH, PRESS, AND ASSEMBLYDuring the decade we are examining, the Supreme Court not only has decided a substantial number of cases involving freedom of speech, press, and religion, but it has developed a new and important judicial philosophy or doctrine with respect to them. In this judicial doctrine, three principles are fused. The first is that the four liberties protected by the First Amendment are so indispensable to the democratic process and to the preservation of the freedom of our people that they occupy a preferred place in our scheme of constitutional values.

scholarly journals A Teoria das Dimensões dos Direitos Fundamentais como Pressupostos à Consagração de Garantias Fundamentais: um Ensaio sobre o Acesso Efetivo à Justiça

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Gigante Viana
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Constitutional State ◽  
Right Of Action ◽  
Due Process Of Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Procedural Rights

Resumo: O estudo objetiva a demonstração da teoria das dimensões dos direitos fundamentais como pressuposto à consagração de garantias fundamentais processuais. Para atingir tal intento foi utilizado o método da revisão bibliográfica, notadamente da doutrina constitucional, bem como do estudo de casos trazidos a debate por autores que analisam o processo sob a ótica da Constituição. A relevância do assunto deve-se ao momento atual da ciência jurídica em que a efetividade dos direitos fundamentais é um escopo concreto. Constatou-se a necessidade de tornar eficiente e efetiva a prestação jurisdicional no Estado constitucional e de reconhecer as garantias processuais como direitos fundamentais. Em tal contexto, a eficácia irradiante, a filtragem constitucional e a multifuncionalidade dos direitos fundamentais são abordados. E as balizas teóricas do neoconstitucionalismo e do neoprocessualismo ou formalismo-valorativo são analisadas como pano de fundo das noções desenvolvidas. Assim, a verificação da evolução dos direitos fundamentais processuais, mormente do direito de ação (tutela jurisdicional efetiva) e do devido processo legal (processo justo), a partir da aceitação da teoria das dimensões dos direitos fundamentais, conduz à conclusão de que se caminha na direção de um acesso cada vez mais efetivo à justiça. Palavras-chave: Normas Jusfundamentais; Direito à Proteção; Direito Processual; Conformação do Procedimento; Devido Processo Legal.  Abstract: The study aims at demonstrating the theory of dimensions of fundamental rights as an assumption to the recognition of fundamental procedural guarantees. In order to accomplish this intent the method of bibliographic review was used, notably the constitutional doctrine, as well as the study of cases brought into debate by authors who analyze the process under the eyes of the Constitution. The relevance of the subject is at the current moment of the juridical science in which the effectiveness of fundamental rights has turned into a concrete objective. It was verified the necessity to achieve an efficient and effective jurisdiction in the constitutional State and to recognize procedural guarantees as fundamental rights. In this context, the radiant effectiveness, the constitutional filtration and the multifunction of fundamental rights are approached. And the theoretical landmarks of neo-constitutionalism and neo-proceduralims are analyzed as a background for the notions developed. So the verification of the evolution of fundamental procedural rights, especially the right of action and the due process of law (fair trial), since the admission of the theory of dimensions of fundamental rights, conduce to the conclusion that heads toward the direction of a more effective judicial access. Key-words: Jus-Fundamental Norms; Right to Protection; Procedural Law; Procedure Adequacy; Due Process of Law.

scholarly journals Military Courts: Credibility and Capacity Implications for Superior Judiciary of Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol V (Winter 2020) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Muhammad Haroon ◽  
Najib Ullah ◽  
Nazim Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Public School ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Due Process Of Law ◽  
Standing Problem

Pakistan is going through turmoil of terrorism. The State is doing what it can to eradicate this menace and in so doing established Field General Court Martial commonly known as Military Courts in wake of barbaric attack on Army Public School in December 2014. However, it is not the solution to the long standing problem motivated and nurtured by various factors like political, religious etc. Instead drastic changes are required to amend and update the existing criminal justice system including legal framework, training for judges, prosecutions, protection of witnesses as well as prosecution/defense. This will pave a way for reforms and improve security situation in Pakistan instead of challenging the credibility and capacity of the superior judiciary. In this way, violence can be countered by respecting Fundamental Rights and following due process of law. Also this will enable the state institutes to cooperate in a better way

scholarly journals The COVID-19 Pandemic as an Opportunity for a Permanent Reduction in Civil Rights

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Paweł Chmielnicki ◽  
Dobrochna Minich ◽  
Radosław Rybkowski ◽  
Michał Stachura ◽  
Konrad Szocik
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Health Service ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
The State ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Patriot Act ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Permanent Reduction

<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching effects, which are primarily being felt in the functioning of the health service, the organization of social life, and the state of the national economy. It is also worth paying attention to the legal and political consequences which are less obvious and noticeable for average citizens. One of the most important is the change in legislation which entails limiting civil liberties and rights. This article is on empirical proof of how Polish legislation is reducing fundamental rights. The authorities in combatting the pandemic are not using the solutions that appear in the Polish Constitution, but use the non-constitutional form of special laws. The authors, therefore, when discussing the problem refer to US legislation and policy which has the notable example of the Patriot Act which can be interpreted as being a pretext for limiting civil liberties in the name of combating terrorism. As stated, such emergencies as the current pandemic or the threat of terrorism, are used to permanently and significantly reduce civil rights.</p>

scholarly journals DERECHOS DE LA PERSONA HUMANA: EL DERECHO DEL EXTRANJERO PRIVADO DE LIBERTAD A LA ASISTENCIA CONSULAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (55) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Vera Lúcia VIEGAS-LIQUIDATO
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Human Person ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Advisory Opinion ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Due Process Of Law

RESUMENEn este trabajo se hará inicialmente una evolución histórica del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos, tomando el marco teórico referencial de Karel Vasak, Norberto Bobbio y Antonio Augusto Cançado Trindade, para abordar la discusión del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en generaciones / dimensiones. A continuación se abordarán el estado de arte, límites y desafíos del derecho fundamental del extranjero privado de la libertad a la asistencia consular. Se plantearán cuestiones como, si al privado de la libertad no se le ofreció asistencia consular, qué implicaciones generaría para la garantía del debido proceso legal e incluso la posibilidad de la nulidad de una sentencia penal condenatoria. Se analizará jurisprudencia internacional al respecto, incluida la opinión consultiva de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. PALABRAS-CLAVE: Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos; Derechos Fundamentales de la Persona Humana; Derecho a la asistencia consular; Garantías del debido proceso legal. RESUMONeste trabalho far-se-á, inicialmente, uma evolução histórica do direito internacional dos direitos humanos, utilizando-se o referencial teórico de Karel Vasak, Norberto Bobbio e Antonio Augusto Cançado Trindade, para pautar a discussão do direito internacional dos direitos humanos em gerações/dimensões. Em seguida, analisar-seão os desafios, limites, estado de arte, do direito fundamental do preso estrangeiro à assistência consular. Levantar-se-ão questões como, caso ao preso estrangeiro não lhe tenha sido oferecida a assistência consular, as implicações que isso geraria para as garantias do devido processo legal e até mesmo para a nulidade de uma sentença penal condenatória. Considerar-se-á jurisprudência internacional a respeito, incluindo a opinião Consultiva da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos; Direitos Fundamentais da Pessoa Humana; Direito à assistência consular; Garantias do devido processo legal. ABSTRACTIn this work, initially, a historical evolution of the international law of the human rights will be made, using the theoretical reference of Karel Vasak, Norberto Bobbio and Antonio Augusto Cançado Trindade, to guide the discussion of international law of the human rights in generations / dimensions. Afterwards, will be analyzed the challenges, limits, state of art, the fundamental right of the foreign detainee to consular assistance. Questions will arise as, if the detainee has not been notified of his right to consular assistance, the implications that this would generate for the guarantees of the due process of law. International law cases will be considered, including the Advisory Opinion of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. KEYWORDS: International Human Rights Law; Fundamental Rights of the Human Person; Right to consular assistance; Guarantees of the due process of law.

Crystal Eastman

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Aronson
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Equal Rights Amendment ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Family Balance ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Woman's Party ◽  
American Civil Liberties Union ◽  
American Union

Crystal Eastman was a central figure in many of the defining social movements of the twentieth century—labor, feminism, internationalism, free speech, peace. She drafted America’s first serious workers’ compensation law. She helped found the National Woman’s Party and is credited as coauthor of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). She helped found the Woman’s Peace Party—today, the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF)—and the American Union against Militarism. She copublished the Liberator magazine. And she engineered the founding the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Eastman worked side by side with national and international suffrage leaders, renowned Progressive reformers and legislators, birth control advocates, civil rights champions, and revolutionary writers and artists. She traveled with a transatlantic crowd of boundary breakers and innovators. And in virtually every arena she entered, she was one of the most memorable women known to her allies and adversaries alike. Yet today, her legacy is oddly ambiguous. She is commemorated, paradoxically, as one of the most neglected feminist leaders in American history. This first full-length biography recovers the revealing story of a woman who attained rare political influence and left a thought-provoking legacy in ongoing struggles. The social justice issues she cared about—gender equality and human rights, nationalism and globalization, political censorship and media control, worker benefits and family balance, and the monumental questions of war, sovereignty, force, and freedom—remain some of the most consequential questions of our own time.

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