Excessive Birth Weight and Maternal Glucose Tolerance A 19-year Review

Objective. To examine the relationship between maternal glucose levels and intrauterine fetal adiposity distribution in women with a normal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 28 weeks gestation.Study Design. We recruited 231 women with a singleton pregnancy. At 28 and 37 weeks gestation, sonographic measurements of fetal body composition were performed. Multiple regression analysis was used to study the influence of different maternal variables on fetal adiposity distribution.Results. Maternal glucose levels correlated with the fetal abdominal subcutaneous tissue measurements (; ) and with birth weight (; ). Maternal glucose levels did not correlate with the fetal mid-thigh muscle thickness and mid-thigh subcutaneous tissue measurements.Conclusion. We found that in nondiabetic women maternal glucose levels not only influence fetal adiposity and birth weight, but also influence the distribution of fetal adiposity. This supports previous evidence that maternal glycemia is a key determinant of intrauterine fetal programming.

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Impact of Maternal Glucose and Gestational Weight Gain on Child Obesity over the First Decade of Life in Normal Birth Weight Infants

Maternal and Child Health Journal ◽

10.1007/s10995-016-1955-7 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 1559-1568 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Teresa A. Hillier ◽

Kathryn L. Pedula ◽

Kimberly K. Vesco ◽

Caryn E.S. Oshiro ◽

Keith K. Ogasawara

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Child Obesity ◽

Normal Birth Weight ◽

Normal Birth ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Maternal Glucose

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Whole body insulin resistance in rat offspring of mothers consuming alcohol during pregnancy or lactation: comparing prenatal and postnatal exposure

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00751.2003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 167-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Li Chen ◽

B. L. Grégoire Nyomba

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Tolerance Index ◽

Sensitivity Index ◽

Intravenous Glucose ◽

Rat Offspring

This study examined the effects of maternal ethanol (EtOH) consumption during pregnancy or lactation on glucose homeostasis in the adult rat offspring. Glucose disposal was determined by minimal model during an intravenous glucose tolerance test in rats that had a small or normal birth weight after EtOH exposure in utero and in rats whose mothers were given EtOH during lactation only. All three EtOH groups had decreased glucose tolerance index and insulin sensitivity index, but their glucose effectiveness was not different from that of controls. In addition, EtOH rat offspring that were small at birth had elevated plasma, liver, and muscle triglyceride levels. The data show that EtOH exposure during pregnancy programs the body to insulin resistance later in life, regardless of birth weight, but that this effect also results in dyslipidemia in growth-restricted rats. In addition, insulin resistance is also evident after EtOH exposure during lactation.

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Fungal Infections in Premature Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.74.3.443a ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

pp. 443-443

Author(s):

JILL E. BALEY ◽

ROBERT M. KLIEGMAN ◽

AVROY A. FANAROFF

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Glucose Intolerance ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Glucose Control ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Low Birth Weight Infant ◽

Multiple Factors ◽

Glucose Intake

In Reply.— Seventy percent of the low-birth-weight (LBW) infants whose condition was clinically diagnosed as systemic fungal infections demonstrated glucose intolerance. Langdon is correct that hyperglycemia, which may be found in young diabetic women, may encourage nonsystemic or local candidiasis. He is also correct that multiple factors may affect glucose tolerance in the sick low-birth-weight infant. Whereas it is possible that alterations in care or glucose intake might result in hyperglycemia, it is unusual for a low-birth-weight infant who has previously demonstrated stable glucose control to suddenly develop hyperglycemia and/or glycosuria at 5 weeks of age.

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Gestational Diabetes—Infant Malformations and Subsequent Maternal Glucose Tolerance

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology ◽

10.1111/j.1479-828x.1986.tb01520.x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 11-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jan Farrell ◽

Jill M. Forrest ◽

G. N. Bruce Storey ◽

D. K. Yue ◽

R. P. Shearman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Maternal Glucose

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Born with low birth weight in rural Southern India: what are the metabolic consequences 20 years later?

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-11-0870 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 166 (4) ◽

pp. 647-655 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Nihal Thomas ◽

Louise G Grunnet ◽

Pernille Poulsen ◽

Solomon Christopher ◽

Rachaproleu Spurgeon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Indian Population ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Predisposing Factor ◽

Normal Birth ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

ObjectiveLow birth weight (LBW) is common in the Indian population and may represent an important predisposing factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the metabolic syndrome. Intensive metabolic examinations in ethnic LBW Asian Indians have been almost exclusively performed in immigrants living outside India. Therefore, we aimed to study the metabolic impact of being born with LBW in a rural non-migrant Indian population.Subjects and methodsOne hundred and seventeen non-migrant, young healthy men were recruited from a birth cohort in a rural part of south India. The subjects comprised 61 LBW and 56 normal birth weight (NBW) men, with NBW men acting as controls. Subjects underwent a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp, i.v. and oral glucose tolerance tests and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. The parents' anthropometric status and metabolic parameters were assessed.ResultsMen with LBW were shorter (167±6.4 vs 172±6.0 cm,P<0.0001), lighter (51.9±9 vs 55.4±7 kg,P=0.02) and had a reduced lean body mass (42.1±5.4 vs 45.0±4.5 kg,P=0.002) compared with NBW controls. After adjustment for height and weight, the LBW subjects had increased diastolic blood pressure (77±6 vs 75±6 mmHg,P=0.01). Five LBW subjects had impaired glucose tolerance.In vivoinsulin secretion and peripheral insulin action were similar in both the groups. Mothers of the LBW subjects were 3 cm shorter than the control mothers.ConclusionOnly subtle features of the metabolic syndrome and changes in body composition among LBW rural Indians were found. Whether other factors such as urbanisation and ageing may unmask more severe metabolic abnormalities may require a long-term follow-up.

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