T‐Communities: Pedestrian Street Networks and Residential Segregation in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Grannis
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Racial Variation ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Street Networks ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
Block Groups ◽  
Pedestrian Street

In this article, I build on Grannis' (1998) analysis and examine the entire metropolitan regions of the three most populous U.S. Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSAs). I find that t‐communities, communities defined by their internal access via pedestrian streets, powerfully account for the racial patterning of households in all three metropolitan areas. Racial variation occurs between t‐communities not within them, even when both distances between block groups or, in the case of households with children, racial variation between elementary schools is accounted for. While Grannis (1998) examined how similar t‐communities connected by pedestrian streets were to each other, this study examines how internally homogeneous t‐communities themselves are. Further, this study's analysis of households with children finds that they have settled in such a way as to assure a racially homogeneous t‐community more than a racially homogeneous school. By analyzing the entire metropolitan areas of PMSAs in different regions, this study also discovered very large t‐communities, hundreds of times larger than a typical t‐community, in which pedestrian streets no longer have an important influence.

scholarly journals Smartphone application-estimated sleep duration before and during COVID-19 in five major metropolitan areas on three different continents (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Robbins ◽  
Mahmoud Affouf ◽  
Matthew D Weaver ◽  
Mark É Czeisler ◽  
Laura K Barger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Health Organization

BACKGROUND Public health policies to curb the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have resulted in significant alterations to daily routines among the general population. Sleep deficiency adversely affects immune function and could negatively impact the course of COVID-19. OBJECTIVE We examine changes in estimated sleep duration in five major metropolitan areas before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study using estimated sleep duration data from a smartphone application. Data were obtained from regular users of the smartphone application before and after the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020. We compared within subject estimated sleep duration before and during COVID-19 using generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS Among the data: 957,022 out of 2,871,037 observations (33%) were from users in London; 549,151observations (19%) were from users in Los Angeles; 846,527 (30%) were from users in New York City, 251,113 (9%) were from users in Seoul; and 267,224 (9%) were from users in Stockholm. Average age among the sample was 35 years (±11 years). Prior to COVID-19, those residing in Seoul had the shortest estimated sleep duration (mean= 6h28m ±11.6m) and those residing in Stockholm had the longest estimated sleep duration (mean= 7h34m ± 9.9m). The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a 13.7m increase of estimated sleep duration comparing March 2019 and March 2020 (95%CI: 13.1-14.3m, P <.001) and an increase of 22.3m comparing April 2019 and April 2020 (95%CI: 21.5-23.1m, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Average estimated sleep duration increased sharply in the months after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This finding suggests that the implementation of COVID-19 mitigation strategies have provided people worldwide with an increased opportunity to sleep, which may itself enhance the response of the immune system to viral pathogens. CLINICALTRIAL

scholarly journals Estimated Sleep Duration Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Major Metropolitan Areas on Different Continents: Observational Study of Smartphone App Data

10.2196/20546 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. e20546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Robbins ◽  
Mahmoud Affouf ◽  
Matthew D Weaver ◽  
Mark É Czeisler ◽  
Laura K Barger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Smartphone App ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Health Organization

Background Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, public health policies to curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its associated disease, COVID-19, have resulted in significant alterations to daily routines (eg, work-from-home policies) that may have enabled longer sleep duration among the general population. Objective We aimed to examine changes in estimated sleep duration in 5 major metropolitan areas before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study using estimated sleep duration data obtained from a smartphone app. The data were obtained from regular users of the smartphone app before and after the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020. We compared within-subject estimated sleep duration before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using generalized linear mixed models. Results Among the 2,871,037 observations, 957,022 (33.3%) were from users in London; 549,151 (19.1%) were from users in Los Angeles; 846,527 (29.5%) were from users in New York City; 251,113 (8.7%) were from users in Seoul; and 267,224 (9.3%) were from users in Stockholm. The average age of the users in the sample was 35 years (SE 11 years). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, people residing in Seoul had the shortest estimated sleep duration (mean 6 hours 28 minutes, SE 11.6 minutes) and those residing in Stockholm had the longest estimated sleep duration (mean 7 hours 34 minutes, SE 9.9 minutes). The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a 13.7 minute increase in estimated sleep duration when comparing March 2019 and March 2020 (95% CI 13.1-14.3, P<.001) and an increase of 22.3 minutes when comparing April 2019 and April 2020 (95% CI 21.5-23.1, P<.001). Conclusions The average estimated sleep duration increased sharply in the months after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This finding suggests that the implementation of COVID-19 mitigation strategies has provided people worldwide with increased opportunities to sleep, which may enhance the response of the immune system to viral pathogens.

scholarly journals Convergence in condominium prices of major US metropolitan areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1113-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Apergis ◽  
James E. Payne
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Unit Root ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Club Convergence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Convergence Clubs

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to examine the long-run convergence properties of condominium prices based on the ripple effect for five major US metropolitan areas (Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York and San Francisco). Specifically, we test for both overall convergence in condominium prices and the possibility of distinct convergence clubs to ascertain the interdependence of geographically dispersed metropolitan condominium markets.Design/methodology/approachOur analysis uses two approaches to identify the convergence properties of condominium prices: the Lee and Strazicich (2003) unit root test with endogenous structural breaks and the Phillips and Sul (2007, 2009) time-varying nonlinear club convergence tests.FindingsThe Lee and Strazicich (2003) unit root tests identify two structural breaks in 2006 and 2008 with the rejection of the null hypothesis of a unit root and long-run convergence in condominium prices in the cases of Boston and New York. The Phillips and Sul (2007, 2009) club convergence test reveals the absence of overall convergence in condominium prices across all metropolitan areas, but the emergence of two distinct convergence clubs with clear geographical segmentation: on the east coast with Boston and New York and the west coast with Los Angeles and San Francisco while Chicago exhibits a non-converging path.Research limitations/implicationsThe results highlight the distinct geographical segmentation of metropolitan condominium markets, which provides useful information to local policymakers, financial institutions, real estate developers and real estate portfolio managers. The limitations of the research are the identification of the underlying sources for the convergence clubs identified due to the availability of monthly data for a number of potential variables.Practical implicationsThe absence of overall convergence in condominium prices, but the emergence of distinct convergence clubs that reflects the geographical segmentation of metropolitan condominium markets raises the potential for portfolio diversification.Originality/valueUnlike previous studies that have focused on single-family housing, this is the first study to examine the convergence of metropolitan area condominium prices.

scholarly journals Becoming American/Becoming New Yorkers: Immigrant Incorporation in a Majority Minority City

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1020-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Kasinitz ◽  
John Mollenkopf ◽  
Mary C. Waters
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Press Release ◽  
Immigrant Incorporation ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
New Yorkers

Many observers have noted that immigrants to the United States are highly concentrated in the largest metropolitan areas of a relatively few states. Though immigrants diffused into many places that had previously seen relatively few immigrants during the 1990s, as of the 2000 census, 77 percent of the nation's 31.1 million foreign born residents still lived in six states – California, New York, Texas, Florida, New Jersey, and Illinois. According to the 2000 census, the two largest metropolitan areas, Los Angeles and New York, accounted for one third of all immigrants ( http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2002/demoprofiles.html ). While immigrants moved into many new areas during the 1990s, making the challenge of incorporating their children a national issue, their concentration in our largest cities remained pronounced.

What Are We Aiming For? Comparing Suicide by Firearm in Toronto With the Five Largest Metropolitan Areas in the United States

Crisis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 365-369
Author(s):  
Mark Sinyor ◽  
Marissa Williams ◽  
Margaret Vincent ◽  
Ayal Schaffer
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fort Worth ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Firearm Availability ◽  
Firearm Suicide ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: US suicide rates correlate with firearm availability. Little is known about variability in rates across countries. Aims: To observe the relationship between firearm/overall suicide rates in Toronto, Canada, and the five most populous US metropolitan areas. Method: Centers for Disease Control suicide rates by age and sex for New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Dallas-Fort Worth, and Houston metropolitan areas were compared with equivalent data for Toronto (1999–2015). Results: Suicide rates by firearm, per 100,000 population, ranged from 0.45 in Toronto to 6.03 in Houston while rates by other methods ranged from 4.34 in Dallas-Fort Worth to 7.11 in Toronto. Overall rates of suicide ranged from 6.14 in New York to 10.45 in Houston. The two cities with the highest firearm suicide rates, Dallas-Fort Worth and Houston, also had much higher overall rates. Firearm suicides were most common in men over the age of 65 in all cities. Limitations: This study could not account for cultural differences between cities/countries. Conclusion: Much higher overall rates of suicide observed for Dallas-Fort Worth and Houston appear to be associated with high rates of suicide by firearm. Advocacy for means safety should target cities with high rates of firearm suicide and, in particular, elderly men.

scholarly journals Income Inequality and Economic Segregation in Los Angeles from 1980 to 2010

2021 ◽  
pp. 371-387
Author(s):  
John R. Hipp ◽  
Jae Hong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Economic Segregation ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Census

AbstractRising income inequality is a critical problem in both the global North and South. In the United States, the Gini coefficient measuring nationwide income inequality rose from 0.403 in 1980 to 0.480 in 2014 (US Census), and residential segregation by income has increasingly occurred in many metropolitan regions and is particularly reflected in the spatial separation of the wealthiest households. This chapter focuses on the change in the level of income inequality in the Los Angeles region since 1980 and how it is related to changes in residential segregation between economic groups over that same time period. We use data from the US Census collected in 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010. We measure residential segregation between economic groups based on occupational structure, and measure ‘neighbourhoods’ using Census tracts: these are units defined by the US Census and typically average about 4,000 residents. The overall level of inequality in the region is measured at each decade point using the Gini coefficient for household income. Maps demonstrate where different socioeconomic status groups have tended to locate and how economic segregation has changed in Los Angeles over this time period. We also assess the extent to which changes in inequality are related to changes in economic segregation over the last four and a half decades.

scholarly journals Air Quality during COVID-19 in Four Megacities: Lessons and Challenges for Public Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Connerton ◽  
João Vicente de Assunção ◽  
Regina Maura de Miranda ◽  
Anne Dorothée Slovic ◽  
Pedro José Pérez-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
The Individual

The study described in this manuscript analyzed the effects of quarantine and social distancing policies implemented due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on air pollution levels in four western megacities: São Paulo in Brazil; Paris in France; and Los Angeles and New York in the United States. The study investigated the levels of four air pollutants—Carbon monoxide (CO), Ozone (O3), Fine Particulate (PM2.5) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)—during the month of March 2020, compared to 2015–2019, in the urban air of these metropolitan areas, controlling for meteorological variables. Results indicated reductions in the levels of PM2.5, CO and NO2, with reductions of the latter two showing statistical significance. In contrast, tropospheric ozone levels increased, except in Los Angeles. The beneficial health effects of cleaner air might also help prevent deaths caused by the epidemic of COVID-19 in megacities by diminishing pressure on hospitals and health equipment. Future actions for the re-starting of non-essential economic activities in these cities should take into consideration the overall importance of health for the individual, as well as for societies.

The “Japanese Turn” in Fine Dining in the United States, 1980–2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Samuel H. Yamashita
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Further Training ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Wide Acceptance

In the 1970s, Japanese cooks began to appear in the kitchens of nouvelle cuisine chefs in France for further training, with scores more arriving in the next decades. Paul Bocuse, Alain Chapel, Joël Robuchon, and other leading French chefs started visiting Japan to teach, cook, and sample Japanese cuisine, and ten of them eventually opened restaurants there. In the 1980s and 1990s, these chefs' frequent visits to Japan and the steady flow of Japanese stagiaires to French restaurants in Europe and the United States encouraged a series of changes that I am calling the “Japanese turn,” which found chefs at fine-dining establishments in Los Angeles, New York City, and later the San Francisco Bay Area using an ever-widening array of Japanese ingredients, employing Japanese culinary techniques, and adding Japanese dishes to their menus. By the second decade of the twenty-first century, the wide acceptance of not only Japanese ingredients and techniques but also concepts like umami (savory tastiness) and shun (seasonality) suggest that Japanese cuisine is now well known to many American chefs.

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