Comparison of N2O and CO2concentrations and fluxes in the soil profile between a Gray Lowland soil and an Andosol

Spodosol soil of Typic Placorthod sub-group of East Barito District is one of the problem soils with the presence of hardpan layer, low fertility, low water holding capacity, acid reaction and it is not suitable for oil palm cultivation without any properly specific management of land preparation and implemented best agronomic practices. A study was carried out to evaluate the soil characteristic of a big hole (A profile) and no big hole (B profile) system and comparative oil palm productivity among two planting systems. This study was conducted in Spodosol soil at oil palm plantation (coordinate X = 0281843 and Y = 9764116), East Barito District, Central Kalimantan Province on February 2014, by surveying of placic and ortstein depth and observing soil texture and chemical properties of 2 (two) oil palm's soil profiles that have been planted in five years. Big hole system of commercial oil palm field planting on the Spodosol soil area was designed for the specific purpose of minimizing the potential of a negative effect of shallow effective planting depth for oil palms growing due to the hardpan layer (placic and ortstein) presence as deep as 0.25 - 0.50 m. The big hole system is a planting hole type which was vertical-sided with 2.00 m x 1.50 m on top and bottom side and 3.00 m depth meanwhile the 2:1 drain was vertical-sided also with 1.50 m depth and 300 m length. Oil palm production was recorded from the year 2012 up to 2014. Results indicated that the fractions both big hole profile (A profile) and no big hole profile (B profile) were dominated by sands ranged from 60% to 92% and the highest sands content of non-big hole soil profile were found in A and E horizons (92%). Better distribution of sand and clay fractions content in between layers of big hole soil profiles of A profile sample is more uniform compared to the B profile sample. The mechanical holing and material mixing of soil materials of A soil profile among the upper and lower horizons i.e. A, E, B and C horizons before planting that resulted a better distribution of both soil texture (sands and clay) and chemical properties such as acidity value (pH), C-organic, N, C/N ratio, CEC, P-available and Exchangeable Bases. Investigation showed that exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K), were very low in soil layers (A profile) and horizons (B profile) investigated. The low exchangeable cations due to highly leached of bases to the lower layers and horizons. Besides, the palm which was planted on the big hole system showed good adaptation and response positively by growing well of tertiary and quaternary roots that the roots were penetrable into deeper rooting zone as much as >1.00 m depth. The roots can grow well and penetrate much deeper in A profile compared to the undisturbed hardpan layer (B profile). The FFB (fresh fruit bunches) production of the non-big hole block was higher than the big hole block for the first three years of production. This might be due to the high variation of monthly rainfall in-between years of observation from 2009 to 2014. Therefore, the hardness of placic and ortstein as unpenetrable agents by roots and water to prevent water loss and retain the water in the rhizosphere especially in the drier weather. In the high rainfall condition, the 2:1 drain to prevent water saturation in the oil palm rhizosphere by moving some water into the drain. Meanwhile, the disturbed soil horizon (big hole area) was drier than un disturbance immediately due to water removal to deeper layers. We concluded that both big hole and 2:1 drain are a suitable technology for Spodosol soil land especially in preparing palms planting to minimize the negative effect of the hardpan layer for oil palm growth.

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SOLUTION OF THE RICHARDS EQUATION IN A SOIL PROFILE WITH TWO LAYERS USING THE METHOD OF LINES

10.26678/abcm.encit2020.cit20-0477 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Diego Sousa Lopes ◽

Augusto Cezar Cordeiro Jardim ◽

Diego Estumano ◽

Emanuel Macêdo ◽

João Quaresma

Keyword(s):

Soil Profile ◽

Method Of Lines ◽

Richards Equation ◽

The Method Of Lines

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Digital mapping of a soil profile

European Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.1111/ejss.12699 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 27-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Y. Zhang ◽

A. E. Hartemink

Keyword(s):

Soil Profile ◽

Digital Mapping

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Caesium-137 and strontium-90 distribution in a soil profile

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/0048-9697(93)90313-u ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 136 (3) ◽

pp. 251-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

P CHAMARD ◽

R VELASCO ◽

M BELLI ◽

G DISILVESTRO ◽

G INGRAO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Profile ◽

Strontium 90

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Implementation of Machine Learning Algorithms in Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) Inversion

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11062557 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 2557

Author(s):

Sadia Mannan Mitu ◽

Norinah Abd. Rahman ◽

Khairul Anuar Mohd Nayan ◽

Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley ◽

Sri Atmaja P. Rosyidi

Keyword(s):

Spectral Analysis ◽

Surface Waves ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Field Tests ◽

Iteration Process ◽

Machine Learning Algorithms ◽

Support Vector ◽

Complex Processes ◽

Inversion Procedure ◽

Inversion Analysis

One of the complex processes in spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) data analysis is the inversion procedure. An initial soil profile needs to be assumed at the beginning of the inversion analysis, which involves calculating the theoretical dispersion curve. If the assumption of the starting soil profile model is not reasonably close, the iteration process might lead to nonconvergence or take too long to be converged. Automating the inversion procedure will allow us to evaluate the soil stiffness properties conveniently and rapidly by means of the SASW method. Multilayer perceptron (MLP), random forest (RF), support vector regression (SVR), and linear regression (LR) algorithms were implemented in order to automate the inversion. For this purpose, the dispersion curves obtained from 50 field tests were used as input data for all of the algorithms. The results illustrated that SVR algorithms could potentially be used to estimate the shear wave velocity of soil.

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Investigating the Impact of Root-Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei) and Crown Rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum) on Diverse Cereal Cultivars in a Conservation Farming System

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11050867 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 867

Author(s):

John P. Thompson ◽

Timothy G. Clewett

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Tolerance Index ◽

Initial Population ◽

Fusarium Pseudograminearum ◽

Conservation Farming ◽

Pratylenchus Thornei ◽

Fourth Experiment ◽

The Impact

In two experiments on a farm practicing conservation agriculture, the grain yield of a range of wheat cultivars was significantly (p < 0.001) negatively related to the post-harvest population densities of Pratylenchus thornei in the soil profile to 45 cm depth. In a third and fourth experiment with different rotations, methyl bromide fumigation significantly (p < 0.05) decreased (a) a low initial population density of P. thornei in the soil profile to 90 cm depth and (b) a high initial population of P. thornei to 45 cm depth, and a medium level of the crown rot fungus, Fusarium pseudograminearum, at 0–15 cm depth to a low level. For a range of wheat and durum cultivars, grain yield and response to fumigation were highly significantly (p < 0.001) related to (a) the P. thornei tolerance index of the cultivars in the third experiment, and (b) to both the P. thornei tolerance index and the crown rot resistance index in the fourth experiment. In the latter, grain yield was significantly (p < 0.001) positively related to biomass at anthesis and negatively related to percentage whiteheads at grain fill growth stage. One barley cultivar was more tolerant to both diseases than the wheat and durum cultivars. Crop rotation, utilizing crop cultivars resistant and tolerant to both P. thornei and F. pseudograminearum, is key to success for conservation farming in this region.

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Source and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil–Ginger System in the Jing River Basin of Shandong Province, North China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18136749 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 6749

Author(s):

Songtao Wang ◽

Zongjun Gao ◽

Yuqi Zhang ◽

Hairui Zhang ◽

Zhen Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Risk Assessment ◽

River Basin ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Pollution Index ◽

Potential Ecological Risk ◽

Average Concentration ◽

Anthropogenic Factors ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Cr Content

This study investigated the characteristics and sources of heavy metals in a soil–ginger system and assessed their health risks. To this end, 321 topsoil samples and eight soil samples from a soil profile, and 18 ginger samples with root–soil were collected from a ginger-planting area in the Jing River Basin. The average concentration of heavy metals in the topsoil followed the order: Cr > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > As > Cd > Hg. In the soil profile, at depths greater than 80 cm, the contents of Cr, Ni, and Zn tended to increase with depth, which may be related to the parent materials, whereas As and Cu contents showed little change. In contrast, Pb content decreased sharply from top to bottom, which may be attributable to external environmental and anthropogenic factors. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd contents in soil are affected by natural sources, Pb and As contents are significantly affected by human activities, and Hg content is affected by farmland irrigation. Combined results of the single pollution index (Pi), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and potential ecological risk assessment (Ei and RI) suggest that soil in the study area is generally not polluted by heavy metals. In ginger, Zn content was the highest (2.36 mg/kg) and Hg content was the lowest (0.0015 mg/kg). Based on the bioconcentration factor, Cd and Zn have high potential for enrichment in ginger. With reference to the limit of heavy metals in tubers, Cr content in ginger exceeds the standard in the study area. Although Cr does not accumulate in ginger, Cr enrichment in soil significantly increases the risk of excessive Cr content in ginger.

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Effect of Earthing Enhancing Compound (EEC) on Improving Tower Footing Resistance of a 500 kV Tower in a Rocky Area

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11125623 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 5623

Author(s):

Nur Alia Farina Mohd Nasir ◽

Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir ◽

Miszaina Osman ◽

Muhamad Safwan Abd Rahman ◽

Ungku Anisa Ungku Amirulddin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electromagnetic Field ◽

Comparative Analysis ◽

Transmission Line ◽

Structure Analysis ◽

Current Distribution ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Soil Structure ◽

Soil Resistivity ◽

Transmission Towers ◽

Rocky Soil

This paper presents a comparative analysis of different earthing designs’ performances, with particular interest on the use of earthing enhancing compound (EEC) for a selected earthing design of 500 kV transmission towers in a rocky soil, using the SESCAD tool of the Current distribution, electromagnetic field grounding and soil structure analysis (CDEGS) software. The simulation included the interpretation of soil profile and comparison between designs A, B and C, which are currently used for the 500 kV tower footing resistance (TFR) improvement. Results showed each design had reduced the TFR by 66%, 54.7% and 63.2% for the towers T42, T48 and T50, respectively. In some cases, further improvement of TFR is required, especially in the rocky area where the soil resistivity (SR) value is of more than 500 Ω⋅m. In this case, EEC was used in Design C, encasing both the vertical and horizontal electrodes, and it reduced the TFR further by 16% to 20%. The characteristics of the soil and earthing arrangement design play an important role in achieving a low TFR value, which is directly proportional to the backflashover occurrence and thus to the transmission line performance.

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Impact of tillage on the spatial distribution of CH4 and N2O in the soil profile of late rice fields

Soil and Tillage Research ◽

10.1016/j.still.2021.105029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 211 ◽

pp. 105029

Author(s):

Jinfei Feng ◽

Tong Yang ◽

Fengbo Li ◽

Xiyue Zhou ◽

Chunchun Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Rice Fields ◽

Ch4 And N2o ◽

Late Rice

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Chemical and Phytocoenological Characteristics of Two Different Slovak Peatlands

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071290 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1290

Author(s):

Danica Fazekašová ◽

Gabriela Barančíková ◽

Juraj Fazekaš ◽

Lenka Štofejová ◽

Ján Halas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Nitrogen Supply ◽

Point Of View ◽

Statistical Testing ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Soil Reaction ◽

Chemical Parameters

This paper presents the results of pedological and phytocoenological research focused on the detailed research of chemical parameters (pH, organic carbon, and nutrients), risk elements (As-metalloid, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn), and species composition of the vegetation of two different peatlands on the territory of Slovakia—Belianske Lúky (a fen) and Rudné (a bog). Sampling points were selected to characterize the profile of the organosol within the peatland, the soil profile between the peatland and the agricultural land, and the soil profile of the outlying agricultural land, which is used as permanent grassland. Based on phytocoenological records, a semi-quantitative analysis of taxa in accordance with the Braun–Blanquet scale was performed. The study revealed that the thickness of the peat horizon of the fen in comparison with the bog is very low. In terms of the quality of organic matter, the monitored peatlands are dominated by fresh plant residues such as cellulose and lignin. Differences between individual types of peatlands were also found in the soil reaction and the supply of nitrogen to the organic matter of peat. The values of the soil exchange reaction were neutral on the fen, as well as slightly alkaline but extremely low on the bog. A significantly higher nitrogen supply was found in the organic matter of the fen in contrast to the bog. At the same time, extremely low content of accessible P and an above-limit content of As in the surface horizons were also found on the fen. From the phytocoenological point of view, 22 plant species were identified on the fen, while only five species were identified on the bog, which also affected the higher diversity (H’) and equitability (e). The results of the statistical testing confirmed the diversity of the studied peatlands and the different impact of environmental variables on plant diversity.

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