Sanctions as Punishment, Enforcement, and Prelude to Further Action

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 17-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Clawson
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
International Support ◽  
World Community ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reasonable Prospect ◽  
Term Response

This article looks at some major goals that have been set for sanctions and evaluates how effective sanctions have been at reaching those goals. It also examines the costs of sanctions, i.e., the impact on civilians and on international support for sanctions. Clawson concludes that sanctions are useful only as a short-term response in situations in which the world community is prepared to use force in the likely event that the target regime does not change its behavior. If there is not will to use force to back the sanctions, then the sanctions are morally dubious: they impose suffering and may cause deaths without offering a reasonable prospect of accomplishing good.

Comprehensive Effects of Short-Term Rental Platforms Across Hotel Types in U.S. and International Destinations

2021 ◽  
pp. 193896552110335
Author(s):  
John W. O’Neill ◽  
Jihwan Yeon
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Competitive Market ◽  
Substitution Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hotel Performance ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Location Type ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, short-term rental platforms in the lodging sector, including Airbnb, VRBO, and HomeAway, have received extensive attention and emerged as potentially alternative suppliers of services traditionally provided by established commercial accommodation providers, that is, hotels. Short-term rentals have dramatically increased the available supply of rooms for visitors to multiple international destinations, potentially siphoning demand away from hotels to short-term rental businesses. In a competitive market, an increase in supply with constant demand would negatively influence incumbent service providers. In this article, we examine the substitution effects of short-term rental supply on hotel performance in different cities around the world. Specifically, we comprehensively investigate the substitution effects of short-term rental supply on hotel performance based on hotel class, location type, and region. Furthermore, we segment the short-term rental supply based on its types of accommodations, that is, shared rooms, private rooms, and entire homes, and both examine and quantify the differential effects of these types of short-term rentals on different types of hotels. This study offers a comprehensive analysis regarding the impact of multiple short-term rental platforms on hotel performance and offers both conceptual and practical insights regarding the nature and extent of the effects that were identified.

Nutzung von Flexibilitätspotenzialen im Störungsmanagement*/Potentials of flexibility in the disruption management of large-scale product assembly

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (09) ◽  
pp. 631-636
Author(s):  
H. Prinzhorn ◽  
M. Zenker ◽  
R. Sporrer ◽  
P. Prof. Nyhuis
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Disruption Management ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Product Assembly ◽  
Term Response

Die hohe Störfanfälligkeit bei der Montage großskaliger Produkte verlangt eine kurzfristige Auswahl von Maßnahmen zur Reaktion auf Störungen, um Auswirkungen wie Lieferterminverspätungen oder Auslastungsverluste zu reduzieren. Die Nutzung von Flexibilitätspotenzialen eines Produktionssystems stellt einen Ansatz dar, um diese Herausforderung zu bewältigen. Dieser Fachbeitrag zeigt auf, welche Flexibilitätspotenziale in diesem speziellen Umfeld zur Verfügung stehen und genutzt werden können.   Assembling large-scale products involves frequent process interruptions why in order to reduce the impact of interruptions, a short-term response is necessary to reduce delivery delays and idle times of resources. An approach for challenge this represents the flexibility of a production system. Regarding the environment of large-scale product assembly, it has to be shown which potentials of flexibility are able to use in a short-term manner.

scholarly journals The Viral Zoonotic Diseases from bats

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 20876-20880
Author(s):  
Sheen Job ◽  
Megha Sharma ◽  
Dr Mahendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Viral Dynamics ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
World Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Rapid Transmission ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact

Bats are known reservoirs of virulent zoonotic pathogens not known to experience disease. They are known as nature’s pest controllers which are insectivorous and pollinators which are frugivorous in their nature. In the entire ecosystem bats play a vital role in various ways to sustain the diversity at its best. However, recent events have cast great aspersions on the bat behavior and the potential impact it has on Public Health not just in a specified region but  globally. The impact has been devastating and disastrous. The recent COVID 19 pandemic spell, opened the eyes of the scientific community, economists and even governments to work together. A host of issues were brought to light, as to how viral pathogenicity has played havoc with such virulence in the world community.  Numerous studies proved beyond doubt bats act as natural reservoirs for a large number of emerging and re emerging pathogens that other animals and humans can contract. It would be surprising to know that these viruses  are also listed in the bioterrorism list of pathogens. Such diversity shows that the bats are well adapted to the effects of virulent pathogens within their internal milieu. The first report of transmission of a bat virus to human was reported in 1960, it was the Rabies virus belonging to the Lyssa virus genus. SARS, Ebola, Nipah have already proven to be virulent and lethal.(1)   AIM To ascertain the viral dynamics in bats that lead to rapid transmission and infectivity in humans Objectives To understand the characteristics that bats possess, to host virulent pathogens To outline the mechanisms in bats in causing rapid transmission to humans

scholarly journals Kontribusi KKP UIN Mataram Dalam Meningkatkan Kesadaran Masyarakat Kembang Kerang Mematuhi Protocol Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Al Kusaeri Al Kusaeri
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Life ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
World Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Since the enactment of the COVID-19 pandemic status by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Massive joint efforts are needed by the world community to fight the spread of the COVID 19 virus so as not to cause more victims. The crisis due to the spread of Covid 19 is not only seen as a health crisis, but affects crises in various sectors of public life, because the impact affects all sectors of life. Facing this, in addition to medical efforts by finding anti-viruses, public awareness of a healthy lifestyle is also needed, namely getting used to behavior following health protocols in carrying out various life activities to inhibit and stop the rate of transmission of Covid 19. Paying attention to the movement of the spread of Covid 19 which runs very fast Therefore, fast public awareness is also needed to get used to following the covid 19 protocol. For this reason, all levels of society must take part in increasing public awareness to carry out various activities by following the Covid 19 protocol including Higher Education, as the efforts that have been carried out by UIN Mataram through Participatory Work Lecture (KKP) activities in 2020

High-resolution weather simulation for sub-Saharan Africa on the World Community Grid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Le Coz ◽  
Qidi Yu ◽  
Lloyd A. Treinish ◽  
Manuel Garcia Alvarez ◽  
Ashley Cryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Large Area ◽  
World Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

<p>Rainfall in Africa is difficult to estimate accurately due to the large spatial variability. Most of the monsoon rainfall is generated by convective rainstorms that can be very localized, sometimes covering less than 100 km2. The goal of the African Rainfall Project is to run the Weather and Research Forecast (WRF) model for sub-Saharan Africa at a convection-permitting resolution in order to better represent such rainfall events. The resolution will be 1km, which is finer than most studies over Africa, which typically use resolutions of 3km or more. Running WRF for such a large area at such a high resolution is computationally expensive, which is where IBM’s World Community Grid comes in. The World Community Grid (WCG) is part of the Social Corporate Responsibility of IBM that crowdsources unused computing power from volunteers devices and donates it to scientific projects.</p><p>The simulation was adapted to the WCG by dividing the simulation of one year over sub-Saharan Africa in many smaller simulations of 48h over 52 by 52 km domains. These simulations are small enough to be calculated on a single computer of a volunteer at the required resolution. In total, 35609 overlapping domains are covering the whole of sub-Saharan Africa. During the post-processing phase, the smaller simulations are merged back together to obtain one consistent simulation over the whole continent.</p><p>Our main focus is rainfall, as this is the variable with the highest socio-economic impact in Africa. However, the outputs of the simulations include other variables such as the 2m-temperature, the 10m-wind speed and direction. These variables are outputted every 15min. At the end of this project, we will have over 3 billion files for a total of 0.5 PB. The data will be reorganized so that the different variables can be stored, searched and retrieved efficiently. After the reorganization, the data will be made publicly available.</p><p>The first validation step will be to examine the impact of dividing sub-Saharan Africa into many smaller domains. This will be done by comparing the simulation from this project to one large simulation. This simulation is obtained by running WRF at a 1km resolution on a large domain (500km by 1000km) for a shorter period, using Cartesius, the Dutch national computer. The second validation step will be to compare the simulations with satellite data and with in-situ measurements from the TAHMO network (www.tahmo.org).</p>

scholarly journals Impact of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Hypoxia on Catecholamine Biosynthesis in Absence or Presence of Hif2α in Pheochromocytoma Cells

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Bechmann ◽  
Isabel Poser ◽  
Verena Seifert ◽  
Christian Greunke ◽  
Martin Ullrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Hydroxylase ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Spheroid Culture ◽  
Catecholamine Biosynthesis ◽  
Pheochromocytoma Cells ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Term Response

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) with activated pseudohypoxic pathways are associated with an immature catecholamine phenotype and carry a higher risk for metastasis. For improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms we investigated the impact of hypoxia and pseudohypoxia on catecholamine biosynthesis in pheochromocytoma cells naturally lacking Hif2α (MPC and MTT) or expressing both Hif1α and Hif2α (PC12). Cultivation under extrinsic hypoxia or in spheroid culture (intrinsic hypoxia) increased cellular dopamine and norepinephrine contents in all cell lines. To distinguish further between Hif1α- and Hif2α-driven effects we expressed Hif2α in MTT and MPC-mCherry cells (naturally lacking Hif2α). Presence of Hif2α resulted in similarly increased cellular dopamine and norepinephrine under hypoxia as in the control cells. Furthermore, hypoxia resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). A specific knockdown of Hif1α in PC12 diminished these effects. Pseudohypoxic conditions, simulated by expression of Hif2α under normoxia resulted in increased TH phosphorylation, further stimulated by extrinsic hypoxia. Correlations with PPGL tissue data led us to conclude that catecholamine biosynthesis under hypoxia is mainly mediated through increased phosphorylation of TH, regulated as a short-term response (24–48 h) by HIF1α. Continuous activation of hypoxia-related genes under pseudohypoxia leads to a HIF2α-mediated phosphorylation of TH (permanent status).

scholarly journals The Impact of Scarcity on Pro-environmental Behavior in the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonya Sachdeva ◽  
James Shyan-Tau Wu ◽  
Jiaying Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Environmental Behavior ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Willingness To Engage

As the world contends with the far-ranging impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, ongoing environmental crises have, to some extent, been neglected during the pandemic. One reason behind this shift in priorities is the scarcity mindset triggered by the pandemic. Scarcity is the feeling of having less than what is necessary, and it causes people to prioritize immediate short-term needs over long-term ones. Scarcity experienced in the pandemic can reduce the willingness to engage in pro-environmental behavior, leading to environmental degradation that increases the chance of future pandemics. To protect pro-environmental behavior, we argue that it should not be viewed as value-laden and effortful, but rather reconceptualized as actions that address a multitude of human needs including pragmatic actions that conserve resources especially during scarcity. To bolster environmental protection, systematic changes are needed to make pro-environmental behavior better integrated into people's lives, communities, and cities, such that it is more accessible, less costly, and more resilient to future disturbances.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Effect of Mining and Mining Industry on Soil Covering

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
N. Jabbarov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Natural Cycle ◽  
World Community ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
The Impact

At a time of rapid development of industry, transport and agriculture, it is also important to ensure the protection of the environment and the efficient use of natural resources. One of the main concerns of the world community is the elimination of the impact on the environment, especially soil and vegetation, during the extraction, transportation and processing of minerals. In modern conditions, the use of the Earth's crust disrupts the course of geological processes, primarily affecting the balance of the natural cycle of matter in the biosphere, leading to the introduction of substances and compounds that are not specific to terrestrial ecosystems.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Compliance of the Vaccination Schedule against Pneumococcal Infection in Young Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Feldblium ◽  
A. V. Bikmieva ◽  
Yu. A. Zakharova ◽  
S. S. Eresko ◽  
E. N. Melnik
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
World Community ◽  
Vaccination Scheme ◽  
The World ◽  
Prophylactic Vaccination ◽  
The Impact

Background.Vaccination is considered by the world community as the main measure of the fight against pneumococcal infection [1–3]. Immunization of children has been carried out since the end of 2014.  Goals. To study the compliance of the vaccination scheme against pneumococcal infection in young children and its influence on vaccination efficacy.Methodology.Evaluation of the compliance of the vaccination schedule against pneumococcal infection and the impact on morbidity in young children was carried out under the conditions of epidemiological observational descriptive and analytical («cohort») researches. Expert assessment is made of medical records of 52 patients, and 200 electronic medical cards and 200 cards of prophylactic vaccination in children were born in of 2015 and 2016.Results.The high importance of adherence to the vaccination scheme against pneumococcal infection was established not only in the prevention of disease and also in reducing carriage of S. pneumoniae. The greatest effect of pneumococcal immunization was observed in children who received the first vaccination before the age of 6 months and with a completed course of vaccination.Conclusion.Timeliness of immunization of young children against pneumococcal infection is a significant factor in ensuring preventive efficacy of immunization.

scholarly journals Employment and management trends in the biotechnolgy industry

1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Larbey
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Biotechnology Industry ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Management Issues

This paper takes a look at the major influences on the biotechnology industry and how they are currently affecting employment and management trends. It takes a brief look at the impact of the economic environment, the pharmaceutical industry, the role of geography, the employment stages faced by the industry and the management issues. The dangers of making predictions are obvious: remember that when IBM was asked in 1947 how many computers the world would need, they thought five main frames would do it. The biotechnology industry is still in nappies. The human genome was only published in February 2001 and we do not really have any concept of where or how fast this will take our scientific knowledge. So, while buffeted by the winds of short-term political and economic agendas, there is an undercurrent of an industry that is learning and growing up.

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