The legal profession in the 1990s – images of change

Legal Studies ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Glasser
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Short Period

As someone who has spent a lot of time examining the underlying economic and social factors which affect lawyers and the services which they provide, I have to admit that I have no special insights which inform me how the legal profession will alter over the next few years. So much has happened in the recent past, such is the state of flux in the wake of the government's green and white papers that it would be a very foolish person who would confidently predict developments. Even the enactment of the Courts and Legal Services Bill will only provide a limited framework for the changes which are now taking place and further legislation may be necessary within a short period.

scholarly journals The state of Spanish /s/ variation in Concepción, Chile: Linguistic and social trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-153
Author(s):  
Brandon M. A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Central City ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
The State ◽  
Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Social Demographics

AbstractThe current study examines /s/ variation in the southern-central city of Concepción, Chile and its relation to a variety of linguistic and social factors. A proportional-odds mixed effects model, with the random factor of “speaker”, was used to treat the categorically coded data on a continuum of acoustical variation ([s] > [h] > ∅). The results presented show that contrary to the previous assertions, heavy sibilant reduction, especially elision, in Concepción, Chile is the rule, rather than the exception, to the extent that it is no longer a marker of certain social demographics as has been reported previously. Furthermore, based on the trends reported, it is likely that this has been the case for several decades. Finally, the overall observed trends are indicative that the rates of /s/ elision will continue to increase across social demographics and different phonetic and phonological contexts in Concepción, Chile.

scholarly journals III. Report to the Solar Physics Committee on a comparison between apparent inequalities of short period in sun-spot areas and in diurnal temperature-ranges at Toronto and at Kew

1884 ◽  
Vol 37 (232-234) ◽  
pp. 22-24
Keyword(s):  
Solar Physics ◽  
The State ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Temperature Ranges

It has been known for some time that there is a close connexion between the inequalities in the state of the sun’s surface as denoted by sun-spot areas and those in terrestrial magnetism as denoted by the diurnal ranges of oscillation of the declination magnet; and moreover the observations of various meteorologists have induced us to suspect that there may likewise be a connexion between solar Inequalities and those in terrestrial meteorology.

scholarly journals Accessory and Witness - The Profession of the Lawyer under Stalin (1945–1953)

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (01) ◽  
pp. 153-182
Author(s):  
Juliette Cadiot
Keyword(s):  
Legal Profession ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Privileged Information ◽  
Mutual Assistance ◽  
Stalin Era ◽  
Intermediary Role ◽  
Second World

Drawing on research conducted in Russian and Ukrainian archives, this article explores the legal profession in the late Stalin-era USSR, with a focus on the years following the Second World War. During this period, the number of cases dealt with in the courts grew considerably, and calls to rehabilitate “socialist legality” became more pressing. It is against this backdrop that the article details the different professional aspects—social trajectories and daily practices—of the criminal lawyer's craft. It concludes that while their influence remained relatively weak and was rarely anchored in their legal capabilities, Soviet lawyers did develop economic and networking capacities that enabled them to maintain their autonomy and to fully participate in the dynamics of the Soviet society that emerged in the aftermath of the war. Despite their weak position and the purges they had suffered, lawyers found ways to gain privileged information about ongoing cases, and some of them played an intermediary role between the apparatus of repression and Soviet notables—particularly by participating in the system of bribery and clientelism. Their actions exemplified the ways that Soviets acclimatized to Stalin's dictatorship, working to bend and improve the rules and to create spaces of protection, mutual assistance, and exchange at the heart of the state and the party.

scholarly journals MEMBANGUN AKUNTABILITAS ORGANISASI BANTUAN HUKUM

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Mosgan Situmorang
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Legal Aid ◽  
State Budget ◽  
The Public ◽  
Primary Material ◽  
The Government ◽  
Secondary Materials

<p>Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2011 tentang Bantuan Hukum dikatakan bahwa pemberi bantuan hukum adalah lembaga bantuan hukum atau organisasi kemasyarakatan yang memberi layanan bantuan hukum. Jasa hukum yang diberikan kepada penerima bantuan hukum adalah cuma-cuma, dalam ar Ɵ mereka Ɵ dak mendapat upah dari pihak yang dibantunya, namun pemerintah akan memberikan dana bantuan untuk se Ɵ ap kasus yang ditangani yang besarnya disesuaikan dengan jenis kasusnya. Dana bantuan tersebut memang Ɵ dak akan diberikan kepada semua organisasi bantuan hukum, tetapi hanya kepada organisasi bantuan hukum yang sudah memenuhi syarat sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Bantuan Hukum. Karena dana tersebut berasal dari Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara, maka tentu saja akuntabilitas organisasi bantuan hukum yang menerima dana tersebut harus dapat dipertanggung jawaban kepada masyarakat. Tulisan ini adalah berupa kajian norma Ɵ f, dengan demikian data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder berupa bahan primer yakni peraturan perundang undangan, utamanya Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2011 dan undang- undang lain yang terkait serta bahan sekunder berupa bahan kepustakaan dan data dari internet. Dalam peneli Ɵ an ini disimpulkan bahwa Undang- Undang Bantuan Hukum sudah dapat mengan Ɵ sipasi perlunya akuntabilitas organisasi bantuan hukum tapi masih perlu di Ɵ ngkatkan dengan cara membuat aturan-aturan yang mendukung terciptanya akuntabilitas tersebut terutama peraturan mengenai standar bantuan hukum.</p><p>In Law No. 16 Year 2011 regarding Legal Aid, stated that legal aid provider is a legal aid organiza Ɵ on or community organiza Ɵ ons that provide legal aid services. Legal services provided by the legal aid organiza Ɵ on is free in the sense that they do not get paid from those who helped. However, the government will provide fi nancial assistance for each case handled that amount is in accordance with the type of case. The grant is not given to all legal aid organiza Ɵ ons but only to a legal aid organiza Ɵ on that has been quali fi ed in accordance with the Legal Aid Act. Because these funds come from the state budget of course accountability of legal aid organiza Ɵ ons receiving funds must be able to be an answer to the public. This paper is a norma Ɵ ve review, thus the data used are secondary data from the primary material i.e laws and regula Ɵ ons, especially Law No. 16 of 2011 and other laws related and secondary materials in the form of the literature and data from the internet.This study concluded that the Legal Aid Act was able to an Ɵ cipate the need for accountability of legal aid organiza Ɵ ons but it is need to be improved by making rules that favor the crea Ɵ on of accountability mainly standard rules regarding legal aid.</p>

scholarly journals Advocacy as a tool for the realization of the fundamental right of a person to professional legal assistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 240-243
Author(s):  
P. Badzeliuk
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
The State ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Legal Assistance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Legal Entities

This article is devoted to the study of the implementation of the fundamental right of a person to professional legal assistance through the vectors of influence of the bar, the role of the human rights institution in the mechanism of such a right and its place in public life.An effective justice system provides not only an independent and impartial judiciary, but also an independent legal profession. Lawyers play an important role in ensuring access to justice. They facilitate the interaction between individuals and legal entities and the judiciary by providing legal advice to their clients and presenting them to the courts. Without the assistance of a lawyer, the right to a fair trial and the right to an effective remedy would be irrevocably violated.Thus, the bar in the mechanism of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms is one of the means of self-limitation of state power through the creation and active functioning of an independent human rights institution, which is an active subject in the process of fundamental rights. The main constitutional function of the state is to implement and protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, and the constitutional and legal status of the legal profession allows it to actively ensure the rights of civil society as a whole and not just the individual. Effectively implement the human rights function of the state by ensuring proper interaction between the authorities and civil society, while being an active participant in the law enforcement mechanism and occupying an independent place in the justice system.Thus, the activities of lawyers are a complex manifestation of both state and public interest. After all, it is through advocacy and thanks to it that the rule of law realizes the possibility of ensuring the rights and freedoms of its citizens. Advocacy, on the one hand, has a constitutionally defined state character, and on the other hand, lawyers should be as independent as possible from the state in order to effectively protect citizens and legal entities from administrative arbitrariness. Thus, the bar is a unique legal phenomenon that performs a state (public-law) function, while remaining an independent, non-governmental self-governing institution.

scholarly journals PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN ADVOKAT SEBAGAI GATEKEEPER DALAM KAITANNYA DENGAN TINDAK PIDANA PENCUCIAN UANG

Media Iuris ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Rendy Ardy Septia Yuristara
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
The State ◽  
Professional Responsibilities ◽  
Basic Purpose ◽  
The Law

Advocates are the most vulnerable professions to be Gatekeepers in money laundering. Indeed, the advocate profession is part of the law enforcement apparatus that can contribute better in preventing money laundering activities to develop. Affirmation about the role of advocate that can suppress the occurrence of money laundering crime, that is with the issuance of PP. 43 of 2015, which places advocates as one of the reporting parties in the agenda of eradicating money laundering crime. However, the substance of the rule draws criticism from some misguided advocates in interpreting the intent and purpose of the arrangement. Moreover there are some advocates who consider that the rule is against the rules that regulate immunity rights in the profession advocate. The misinterpretation of some advocates related to the immunity rights inherent in the profession, causing the work of the advocate profession to be considered irrelevant, and not worthy of being called the nobleprofession (OfficiumNobile), But as a bad profession in integrity and promoting commercialization. In fact, the basic purpose of the arrangement of PP. 43 of 2015, which places the advocate profession as one of the reporting parties on the eradication agenda of money laundering, is a form of respect for the profession of advocate who is a noble profession, by prioritizing his professional responsibilities to the state, society and God, as well as his obligations as part of The legal profession to uphold the law and uphold the value of human rights while on duty.

scholarly journals Describing the Mountainsnails (Oreohelix Sp.) of Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 94-97
Author(s):  
Lusha Tronstad ◽  
Gary Beauvais ◽  
Jeanne Serb ◽  
Kevin Roe
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
National Park Service ◽  
Endangered Species Act ◽  
The State ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Grand Teton National Park ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Park Service ◽  
Very High ◽  
The U.S

Invertebrates are receiving an increasing amount of conservation attention across North America. Currently, about 40% of the animals listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) are invertebrates (www.NatureServe.org). The National Park Service and other agencies require better information on invertebrate faunas in order to effectively conserve this important group of animals. One way to prioritize invertebrate groups for study is to assess the number of rare taxa within a given genus. In this context, Oreohelix (mountainsnails) are a top priority because the genus is assumed to support a very high percentage of rare and endemic taxa. Additionally, Oreohelix species in Wyoming and surrounding states have been petitioned for ESA listing in the recent past. The diversity of Oreohelix forms in Wyoming is not well-understood, and the current taxonomy may not reflect the true pattern of diversity within the state. Therefore, we are studying both the morphology and genetic structure of Oreohelix in Grand Teton National Park to begin to understand the diversity of mountainsnails in the state. We collected Oreohelix from 4 locations in Grand Teton National Park. Based on shell and internal characteristics, all individuals were identified as O. subrudis. We are currently preparing specimens for DNA sequencing.

scholarly journals What Are We Waiting For? It’s Time to Regulate Paralegals in Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 149-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Trabucco
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
The Public ◽  
Statutory Duty

Law societies in Canada have long been granted the privilege of self-regulation by the state – a privilege that comes with a statutory duty to govern in the public interest. There exists an access to justice crisis in this country. More must be done to address unmet legal needs. There is nothing new in this, but law societies across Canada are reluctant to implement at least one ready solution. Ontario introduced paralegal regulation over ten years ago with the promise that it would increase access to justice. Evidence suggests that it has done so. Yet no other Canadian jurisdiction is prepared to regulate paralegals as independent providers of legal services. Law societies’ continued resistance to the regulation of paralegals is contrary to the public interest. This paper argues that to alleviate the access to justice crisis, it is time to regulate paralegals.

Harald Wezler som erindringsforsker: En viderefører af Halbwachs-Assmann-traditionen?

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Eric Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Social Memory ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
The State ◽  
Memory Research ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Work ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Theoretical Analyses

Bernard Eric Jensen: Harald Welzer’s Approach to Memory Research An analysis of the approach to memory research found in the writings of Harald Welzer is presented. At the present time, Welzer is head of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Memory Research at Kulturwissenschaftliches Institut in Essen, Germany. He has contributed both empirical surveys and theoretical analyses to memory research during the last decade. At a first glance, Welzer’s approach appears to belong neatly within the tradition of memory research that was originally founded by the French sociologist Maurice Halbwachs, and which Aleida and Jan Assmann have been seeking to revive and develop since the 1980’s by introducing concepts such as “communicative and cultural memory” as well as “storage memory” (Speicher-Gedächtnis) and “use memory” (Funktions-Gedächtnis). On closer inspection, however, it transpires that Welzer’s approach cannot be characterised as a mere refinement of the approach taken by the Assmanns. This is partly because Welzer is attempting to develop an interdisciplinary approach, focused on the intricate relationships between biological, psychological and social factors in ongoing memory work. Apart from focussing of the work of Welzer, this article also seeks to highlight the state of “terminological anarchy” that characterises memory research at the present time, making it next to impossible to make direct comparisons between different theoretical approaches. This state of anarchy becomes transparent as soon as one begins to scrutinize the meanings of those adjectives, which nowadays are fixed to the term memory – for instance, “communicative”, “cultural”, “historical” and/or “social” memory. 

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