Making Sense of Multiple Interpretations

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Fall Semester ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Race And Education ◽  
The Many

Some teaching innovations arise from a combination of good intentions, last-minute planning, and incredible luck. Colgate University hired me in late July 1997 as a visiting professor for the fall semester. As I scrambled to finish my dissertation and move my family, only a few days remained to pull together the syllabus for a course on Race and Education. I wanted to begin this contemporary course with an historical focus, delving into African-American experiences with school desegregation during the mid twentieth century, but could not decide on which of the many excellent historical case studies to assign. The bookstore wanted my order as soon as possible. So I ordered two books—David Cecelski's Along Freedom Road and Vanessa Siddle Walker's Their Highest Potential—hoping that at least one would arrive on time. When both magically appeared on the bookstore shelves a day before the first class, I decided to innovate and revised the syllabus. Half of the students would read Cecelski; the other half would read Walker. Despite some initial confusion, my students began to engage in serious discussions over historical interpretations of school desegregation, demonstrating a level of depth that would not have happened had I assigned only one book to the entire class.

Fixing Improvisation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthea Kraut
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Intellectual Property Law ◽  
Tap Dance ◽  
American Vernacular ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter juxtaposes brief case studies of African American vernacular dancers from the first half of the twentieth century in order to reexamine the relationship between the ideology of intellectual property law and the traditions of jazz and tap dance, which rely heavily on improvisation. The examples of the blackface performer Johnny Hudgins, who claimed a copyright in his pantomime routine in the 1920s, and of Fred and Sledge, the class-act dance duo featured in the hit 1948 musical Kiss Me, Kate, whose choreography was copyrighted by the white modern dancer Hanya Holm, prompt a rethinking of the assumed opposition between the originality and fixity requirements of copyright law and the improvisatory ethos of jazz and tap dance. Ultimately, the chapter argues that whether claiming or disavowing uniqueness, embracing or resisting documentation, African American vernacular dancers were both advantaged and hampered by copyright law.

Advising the Race

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-114
Author(s):  
Julie Golia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Women Readers ◽  
Racial Uplift ◽  
Black Newspapers ◽  
The Many

This chapter examines the advice column “Advice to the Wise and Otherwise,” which ran in the Chicago Defender, one of the most successful black newspapers in the United States. In the early twentieth century, black publishers recognized the many ways that mainstream newspapers reinforced the racial status quo in America and failed to address the needs of African American readers. They also sought to offer more feature content to women readers. “Advice to the Wise and Otherwise” was one of the country’s most widely read black advice columns. Columnist Princess Mysteria, a vaudeville mentalist, embraced the Defender’s mission of racial “uplift” and advocacy. But her counsel also reflected a unique sensitivity to the dual prejudices that her female readers faced as African Americans and as women. The columnist offered a worldview very different from that of white columnists, one that doled out assertive, even feminist advice.

Are Twentieth-Century Marine Conservation Conventions Adaptable to Twenty-First Century Goals and Principles?: Part I

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Birnie
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
First Century ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Environment And Development ◽  
Broad Interpretation ◽  
The Many

AbstractTreaties, especially those concluded before UNCLOS and the United Nations Conferences on the Human Environment and on Environment and Development are having to find ways of responding to the many new principles and concepts developed through the conventions, declarations and action plans formulated by these processes, inter alia. Different treaties are responding in different ways-by renegotiation, by amending protocols; or by broad interpretation of existing terms to take account of the new approaches. This article examines the relevant law and practice, especially concerning the powers of organs established by treaty to interpret their constitutive conventions in the absence of dispute settlement procedures. Part 2 provides some case studies of problems emerging, notably in the International Whaling Commission and the Conference of the Parties to the London (Dumping) Convention.

From Otello to Porgy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi André
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Male Roles ◽  
Porgy And Bess ◽  
Black Characters ◽  
Peter Grimes ◽  
The Way

This chapter explores representations of blackness in opera in relation to masculinity and morality. More specifically, it considers the changing codes of masculinity in leading male roles and how they are calibrated differently for white European characters and nonwhite characters with non-European ancestry. It also looks at the ways in which masculinity and heroism are brought together differently for black and non-black characters. In order to elucidate these issues, the chapter analyzes Giuseppe Verdi's Otello (1887), focusing on its references to getting the “chocolate” ready and the way Verdi dramatizes Otello's vicious murder of Desdemona. Four other operas written in the first half of the twentieth century, two of which feature white European title characters and the other two feature African American protagonists, are examined: Alban Berg's Wozzeck (1925), Ernst Krenek's Jonny spielt auf (1927), George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess (1935), and Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes (1945).

The Home Front

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-44
Author(s):  
Kathryn T. Long
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Young People ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Home Front ◽  
The Other ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The Face ◽  
Mission Field ◽  
At Home

This chapter traces the transformation of the five slain missionaries from admirable but tragic victims to martyrs and paragons of evangelical spirituality. The American evangelical press emphasized the triumph of faith in the face of death, and critics were silenced. The men’s story was published in the widely circulated Reader’s Digest, and Elisabeth Elliot, widow of one of the slain missionaries, wrote Through Gates of Splendor, published in 1957 and featuring all five men as case studies of true holiness. It became an immediate bestseller and the defining missionary martyr narrative for American evangelicals during the second half of the twentieth century. Two biographies—one of Jim Elliot, the other of Nate Saint—quickly followed. All three books encouraged the sense of calling that led waves of young people into full-time Christian work, on the mission field or at home.

scholarly journals Persistence of false paradigms in low-power sciences

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (52) ◽  
pp. 13228-13233 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Akerlof ◽  
Pascal Michaillat
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Model Features ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Historical Case Studies

We develop a model describing how false paradigms may persist, hindering scientific progress. The model features two paradigms, one describing reality better than the other. Tenured scientists display homophily: They favor tenure candidates who adhere to their paradigm. As in statistics, power is the probability (absent any bias) of denying tenure to scientists adhering to the false paradigm. The model shows that because of homophily, when power is low, the false paradigm may prevail. Then, only an increase in power can ignite convergence to the true paradigm. Historical case studies suggest that low power comes either from lack of empirical evidence or from reluctance to base tenure decisions on available evidence.

African-American Women Journalists and Their Male Editors: A Tradition of Support

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-286
Author(s):  
Rodger Streitmatter
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Black Women ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
White Women ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Women Journalists ◽  
American Women ◽  
Sexist Attitudes

Black women journalists have not been hampered by the sexist attitudes of men to the same degree that white women journalists have been. Since this theme was introduced a century ago, individual case studies have continued to reinforce it. Gertrude Bustill Mossell, Delilah Beasley and Ida B. Wells were nineteenth-century women whose journalistic success was supported by their male editors; Marvel Cooke, Lucile Bluford and Ethel Payne have enjoyed similar relationships in the twentieth century. Factors contributing to this tendency are that African-American women have a tradition of working outside the home, that African-American editors historically have been both journalists and racial activists, and that male editors have tended to treat African-American women journalists much as fathers treat their daughters.

Profit and Other Values: Thick Evaluation in Decision Making

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastiaan van der Linden ◽  
R. Edward Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Many

ABSTRACT:Profit maximizers have reasons to agree with stakeholder theorists that managers may need to consider different values simultaneously in decision making. However, it remains unclear how maximizing a single value can be reconciled with simultaneously considering different values. A solution can neither be found in substantive normative philosophical theories, nor in postulating the maximization of profit. Managers make sense of the values in a situation by means of the many thick value concepts of ordinary language. Thick evaluation involves the simultaneous consideration of different values: making sense of a value always involves knowing how to engage with it given the other values in the situation. This also goes for profit: maximization is only one way of engaging with the value of profit, and grasping whether maximization is appropriate involves considering other values. We discuss some consequences of our approach for stakeholder theorists and profit maximizers.

The Gospel Caravan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Marovich
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Gospel Music ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mass Consumption ◽  
African American Churches ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
American Churches ◽  
Record Company

This chapter examines the continued evolution of the Chicago gospel music in the mid-twentieth century, led by the Good Shepherd Singers, re-christened the Gospel Caravan or simply Caravans. By the 1950s, gospel music had become the predominant sound of the semi-demonstrative, as well as some deliberative, or sermon-centered, African American churches in the urban North. Recognizing the financial upside of gospel music, independent record company owners, religious disk jockeys, and promoters sought to commodify it for mass consumption. This chapter first discusses the performances and recordings of the Caravans, along with members who came and went, before turning to some of the other important figures on the gospel music circuit, including Alex Bradford and his Bradford Specials, the Maceo Woods Singers, the Staple Singers, artists under Vee Jay Records, the Duncanaires, the Little Lucy Smith Singers, Sammy Lewis, and Mahalia Jackson.

The “Delaware Horror”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis B. Downey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
The Other ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter provides a case study of a lynching at the other end of the northeastern seaboard: the mass mob execution by burning of George White, an African American, in Wilmington, Delaware, in June 1903. Delaware had been a slave state that did not join the Confederacy, and while it implemented a Jim Crow system similar to those in neighboring lower Mid-Atlantic states Maryland and Virginia, the state experienced less lynching. Delaware's evolving economy and social relations were strongly tied to the rapidly urbanizing regions of southeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The chapter's analysis of the role of white and black Protestant ministers in the Wilmington mob execution and its aftermath offers significant insight into a well-publicized early-twentieth-century lynching that occurred somewhere between the North and South.

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