Leaf glandular trichomes in Empetrum nigrum: morphology, histochemistry, ultrastructure and secondary metabolites

In the last decades, growing evidence showed the therapeutic capabilities of Cannabis plants. These capabilities were attributed to the specialized secondary metabolites stored in the glandular trichomes of female inflorescences, mainly phytocannabinoids and terpenoids. The accumulation of the metabolites in the flower is versatile and influenced by a largely unknown regulation system, attributed to genetic, developmental and environmental factors. As Cannabis is a dioecious plant, one main factor is fertilization after successful pollination. Fertilized flowers are considerably less potent, likely due to changes in the contents of phytocannabinoids and terpenoids; therefore, this study examined the effect of fertilization on metabolite composition by crossbreeding (-)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)- or cannabidiol (CBD)-rich female plants with different male plants: THC-rich, CBD-rich, or the original female plant induced to develop male pollen sacs. We used advanced analytical methods to assess the phytocannabinoids and terpenoids content, including a newly developed semi-quantitative analysis for terpenoids without analytical standards. We found that fertilization significantly decreased phytocannabinoids content. For terpenoids, the subgroup of monoterpenoids had similar trends to the phytocannabinoids, proposing both are commonly regulated in the plant. The sesquiterpenoids remained unchanged in the THC-rich female and had a trend of decrease in the CBD-rich female. Additionally, specific phytocannabinoids and terpenoids showed an uncommon increase in concentration followed by fertilization with particular male plants. Our results demonstrate that although the profile of phytocannabinoids and their relative ratios were kept, fertilization substantially decreased the concentration of nearly all phytocannabinoids in the plant regardless of the type of fertilizing male. Our findings may point to the functional roles of secondary metabolites in Cannabis.

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UJI PENDAHULUAN DAUN TENEM Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers

Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung ◽

10.51352/jim.v2i1.42 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Risa Supriningrum ◽

Medi Hendra ◽

Hendri Misak

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Lower Surface ◽

Single Leaf ◽

Litsea Cubeba ◽

Organoleptic Characteristics ◽

North Borneo ◽

Leaf Powder ◽

Dark Green

Litsea cubeba (Lour Pers.) has been used by the Dayak community Lundayeh and Kenyah, the village of Long Berang, District Mentarang, North Borneo, as drug . Leaves and bark used as medicine for diarrhea. Preliminary data concerning the characteristics and content of secondary metabolites has not been reported. This study aims to determine the organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic characteristics and content of secondary metabolites tenem leaves. The results showed that the leaf tenem have organoleptic characteristics typical aromatic smell like citrus (lemon), taste slightly bitter, slightly spicy, chelates. Macroscopic characteristics in the form of a single leaf, lanceolate, elongated, tapered leaf tip, leaf base tapering, bone pinnate leaves, upper surface shiny, lower surface dull and slightly hairy, color light green to dark green. Microscopy test results showed fragments of sklereid, oil cell, stomata type of parasitic, non-glandular trichomes. Simplicia tenem leaf powder contains alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids. The ethanol extract of leaves tenem containing compounds, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids

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Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites and Improved Size of Glandular Trichomes in Artemisia annua

Reference Series in Phytochemistry ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-30185-9_31 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 99-116

Author(s):

Neha Pandey ◽

Anupam Tiwari ◽

Sanjay Kumar Rai ◽

Shashi Pandey-Rai

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Artemisia Annua ◽

Glandular Trichomes

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MICROMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE EPIDERMIS AND HYSTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE OF IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN THE LEAVES OF BORAGINACEAE HERBAСEOUS PLANTS

South of Russia ecology development ◽

10.18470/1992-1098-2018-3-31-41 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 31-41

Author(s):

Aida Ya. Tamakhina ◽

Amina A. Akhkubekova

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolism ◽

Conventional Medicine ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Epidermal Cells ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Anthracene Derivatives ◽

Active Substances ◽

Micromorphological Analysis

Aim. In conventional medicine, the species of the Boraginaceae family are not used due to the poor scientific knowledge of the products of secondary metabolism and the lack of information about most of the species. We investigated micromorphological features of the epidermis and conducted histochemical analysis of the products of secondary metabolism in the leaves of Pulmonaria mollis Wulfen ex Hornem., Echium vulgare L., Symphytum asperum Lepech. and S. caucasicum M. Bieb. Methods. Micromorphological analysis included the study of the shape of the main cells of the epidermis, the structure of trichomes and stomata. The number of stomata and trichomes was calculated per 1 mm2. Were used the histochemical reactions in order to identify the products of secondary metabolism. Results. The studied species are characterized by the bifacial type of leaves, numerous trichomes, including long leaf fuzz with a rosette of epidermal cells. The anomocytic type of stomata is characteristic for P. mollis and E. vulgare, anomocytic and anisocytic for S. asperum and S. caucasicum. The leaves of P. mollis, E. vulgare and S. caucasicum are amphistomatic while S. asperum is hypostomatic. The ratio of the non- glandular and glandular trichomes of the intercostal zones of the lower epidermis to the upper in P. mollis was 1.08 and 1.83, respectively, in S. caucasicum 1.61 and 2.67, in S. asperum 7.21 and 2.50, in E. vulgare 1.65 (glandular trichomes in the interstitial zones are absent). In the leaves of the studied species, the products of secondary metabolism (tannins, alkaloids, essential oils, anthracene derivatives and mucus) are localized in bases of non-glandular, glandular trichomes, veins and the main cells of the epidermis. Conclusions. Genus signs of the epidermis of leaves of Boraginaceae are the structure and location of trichomes. Species differences are due to the location of stomata, glandular trichomes and shape of the main epidermal cells. The intensity of staining of secondary metabolites depends on their content in the leaves. The presence of biologically active substances in the leaves of P. mollis, S. caucasicum, S. asperum and E. vulgare determines the value of these species in the creation of new phytopreparations.

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Using high performance thin layer chromatography for the detection of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites in Empetrum nigrum L.

Drug development & registration ◽

10.33380/2305-2066-2021-10-4(1)-129-137 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 129-137

Author(s):

A. O. Ponkratova ◽

A. K. Whaley ◽

V. G. Luzhanin ◽

E. V. Zhokhova

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Thin Layer ◽

High Performance ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Empetrum Nigrum ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

Layer Chromatography ◽

Derivatives Of

Introduction. The article presents the results of the detection of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites in black crowberry Empetrum nigrum L. using the method of high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC).Aim. To show the efficiency of HPTLC for conducting preliminary phytochemical analysis to determine the main groups of metabolites in promising medicinal plant species.Materials and methods. HPTLC analysis was carried out on a CAMAG device (Switzerland), using MERCK HPTLC silica gel 60 F154, 20 × 10 cm plates. For the evaporation of the samples, a Heidolph vacuum rotary evaporator (Germany) was used. The aerial parts (shoots) of Empetrum nigrum were harvested next to St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University (SPCPU) nursery garden of medicinal plants (Leningrad Region, Vsevolozhsky District, Priozerskoe Highway, 38 km) in August 2019.Results and discussion. In the course of the research, four fractions from the aerial parts of Empetrum nigrum were obtained: hexane, dichloromethane, butanol, and water. Then, these fractions were investigated by HPTLC in two solvent systems – n-butanol : acetic acid : water (BAW) (4 : 1 : 2) and hexane : dichloromethane : methanol (HDM) (1 : 2 : 0.5). After scanning densitometric analysis of the plates eluted in the HDM system, it was revealed, that the hexane and dichloromethane fractions have a similar composition and contain the greatest amount of compounds, compared to the butanol and water fractions, and in the BAW system, it was found, that the butanol fraction contains the greatest variety of metabolites. As a result of UV spectroscopy, it was found, that the main groups of compounds contained in the hexane and dichloromethane fractions are derivatives of chalcones, dihydrochalcones, bibenzyls and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes. While in the butanol fraction, the main groups of secondary metabolites were derivatives of flavonoids and tanninsConclusion. The data obtained allow us to note the efficiency, speed and simplicity of HPTLC for conducting preliminary phytochemical analysis to determine the main groups of metabolites of promising medicinal plant species.

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