Maximum lethal temperature for flowering and seed set in maize with contrasting male and female flower sensitivities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Wang ◽  
Xiaoli Liu ◽  
Xinfang Hou ◽  
Dechang Sheng ◽  
Xin Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Male And Female

Differential nectar production between male and female flowers in a wild cucurbit: Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana (Cucurbitaceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1203-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Ashworth ◽  
Leonardo Galetto
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Nectar Sugar Composition ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Female Flowers

In dioecious and monoecious plants that depend on animal vectors for reproduction, pollinators have to be attracted to male and female flowers for pollination to be effective. In the monoecious Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana, male flowers are produced in greater quantity, are spatially more exposed to pollinators and offer pollen in addition to nectar as floral rewards. Nectar traits were compared between male and female flowers to determine any differences in the characteristics of the main reward offered to pollinators. Nectar chemical composition and sugar proportions were similar between flower types. Total nectar sugar production per female flower was threefold higher than per male flower, and nectar removal did not have any effect on total nectar production in both flower morphs. Pollinators reduced nectar standing crops to similar and very scarce amounts in both flower types. Results indicate indirectly that pollinators are consuming more nectar from female flowers, suggesting that the higher nectar production in female flowers may be a reward-based strategy to achieve the high female reproductive output observed in this species.Key words: Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana, nectar production, nectar sugar composition, removal effects, standing crop.

Shoot development in Betula papyrifera. VI. Development of the reproductive structures

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair D. Macdonald ◽  
D. H. Mothersill
Keyword(s):  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Shoot Bud ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Northwestern Ontario

Reproductive buds and developing inflorescences were collected weekly from mature trees during three successive growing seasons in northwestern Ontario. Material was prepared to show all stages of inflorescence and flower development and meiosis. Male inflorescence induction, involving the long-shoot bud apex and one or two proximal axillary apices, occurred in early May, before bud burst. Female induction involved the short-shoot bud apex and occurred in late June – early July. Both male and female partial inflorescences resembled a simple dichasium. The male flower consisted of usually two stamens and two or three tepals variably arranged. Meiosis occurred in late July – early August. Each female flower consisted of two stigmas, two connate tepals that were not noticeable at maturity, and a parietal placenta bearing two unitegmic ovules. Meiosis occurred in mid-June, after pollination in mid-May. It is concluded that developmental data do not help elucidate whether the inferior portion of the gynoecial wall is cauline or appendicular and whether the placenta is derived from axial or carpellary tissue. It is suggested that the trigger(s) evoking male and female inflorescence induction may be different and that the metabolic prerequisites for induction and early development would be supplied by winter-stored material for male development and by current metabolic processes for female development.

Growth and reproduction of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in Wisconsin, U.S.A.

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2692-2696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan G. Carpenter ◽  
Grant Cottam
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Plant Stage ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Wild Ginseng ◽  
Number Of Seeds ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The phenology and development of southern Wisconsin populations of wild ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are described. In natural forests, ginseng plants grow slowly, and most plants do not reach reproductive maturity until they are at least 8 years old. Ginseng flowers are perfect, but maturity of male and female reproductive parts is separated temporally in each flower. Ginseng individuals are not obligate outcrossers, and the flowers are visited by generalist pollinators. Exclusion of pollinators did not reduce fruit or seed set. Aging techniques usually underestimate age. Number of leaves (plant stage) is a more appropriate indicator of development than is the number of "annual" stem scars on the rhizome. The number of seeds produced by a plant may be predicted from the number of leaves and the leaf area of the largest leaflet. Accurate estimates of the number of ginseng plants in an area can be made by sampling early in the summer. However, projections of survival and reproductive success in a ginseng population must account for mortality and for plants that senesce early in the summer months before producing seeds. We recommend that ginseng harvesting in Wisconsin be allowed only after September 1 to insure that fruits on mature plants are ripe.

scholarly journals New data on Salix anatolica (Salicaceae) endemic to Turkey

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 167 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
SALİH TERZİOĞLU ◽  
BEDRİ SERDAR ◽  
MUSTAFA KARAKÖSE ◽  
KAMİL COŞKUNÇELEBİ ◽  
MUTLU GÜLTEPE
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Morphology ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
First Time

The endemic Anatolian willow, Salix anatolica (Salicaceae), was described based on solely female individuals in 2008. It was re-collected and the description was emended based on both male and female flower properties in the present study. Additionally, the pollen morphology, wood anatomical features and conservation status of S. anatolica are presented for the first time.

scholarly journals The maleness of larger angiosperm flowers

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (20) ◽  
pp. 10921-10926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Brant Paterno ◽  
Carina Lima Silveira ◽  
Johannes Kollmann ◽  
Mark Westoby ◽  
Carlos Roberto Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Sex Allocation ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Flower Evolution ◽  
Primary Male ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Allocation Strategies

Flower biomass varies widely across the angiosperms. Each plant species invests a given amount of biomass to construct its sex organs. A comparative understanding of how this limited resource is partitioned among primary (male and female structures) and secondary (petals and sepals) sexual organs on hermaphrodite species can shed light on general evolutionary processes behind flower evolution. Here, we use allometries relating different flower biomass components across species to test the existence of broad allocation patterns across the angiosperms. Based on a global dataset with flower biomass spanning five orders of magnitude, we show that heavier angiosperm flowers tend to be male-biased and invest strongly in petals to promote pollen export, while lighter flowers tend to be female-biased and invest more in sepals to insure their own seed set. This result demonstrates that larger flowers are not simple carbon copies of small ones, indicating that sexual selection via male–male competition is an important driver of flower biomass evolution and sex allocation strategies across angiosperms.

scholarly journals Use of timelapse photography to determine flower opening time and pattern in banana (Musa spp.) for efficient hand pollination

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Waniale ◽  
Rony Swennen ◽  
Settumba B. Mukasa ◽  
Arthur K. Tugume ◽  
Jerome Kubiriba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Temporal Separation ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Female Flowers

AbstractSterility and low seed set in bananas is the main challenge to their conventional genetic improvement. The first step to seed set in a banana breeding program depends on pollination at the right time to ensure effective fertilization. This study aimed at determining bract opening time (BOT) to enhance efficient pollination and seed set in bananas. A Nikon D810 digital camera was set-up to take pictures of growing banana inflorescences at five-minute intervals and time-lapse movies were developed at a speed of 30 frames per second to allow real-time monitoring of BOT. Genotypes studied included wild banana (1), Mchare (2), Matooke (4), Matooke hybrid (1), and plantain (1). Events of bract opening initiated by bract lift for female flowers (P < 0.01) started at 16:32 h and at 18:54 h for male flowers. Start of bract rolling was at 18:51 h among female flowers (P < 0.001) and 20:48 h for male flowers. Bracts ended rolling at 02:33 h and 01:16 h for female and flowers respectively (P < 0.05). Total time of bract opening (from lift to end of rolling) for female flowers was significantly longer than that of male flowers (P < 0.001). On average, the number of bracts subtending female flowers opening increased from one on the first day, to between one and four on the fourth day. The number regressed to one bract on day eight before start of opening of bracts subtending male flowers. There was a longer opening interval between bracts subtending female and male flowers constituting spatial and temporal separation. Bract rolling increased from partial to complete rolling from proximal to the distal end of the inflorescence among female flower. On the other hand, bracts subtending male flowers completely rolled. Differences in BOT of genotypes with the same reference time of assessment may be partly responsible for variable fertility. Hand pollination time between 07:00 and 10:00 h is slightly late thus an early feasible time should be tried.

Effects of Low-light Stress on Male and Female Flower Development and Pollination and Fructification Ability of Different Maize (Zea maysL.) Genotypes

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2065
Author(s):  
Wei-Xia ZHOU ◽  
Xiu-Ping WANG ◽  
Xin-Yuan MU ◽  
Chao-Hai LI
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Low Light Stress

scholarly journals Transcriptome-based analysis of the hormone regulation mechanism of gender differentiation in Juglans mandshurica Maxim

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12328
Author(s):  
Baiting Qin ◽  
Xiujun Lu ◽  
Xiaomei Sun ◽  
Jianguo Cui ◽  
Jifeng Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Juglans Mandshurica ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Female Flowers

Juglans mandshurica Maxim is a hermaphroditic plant belonging to the genus Juglans in the family Juglandaceae. The pollination period of female flowers is different from the loose powder period of male flowers on the same tree. In several trees, female flowers bloom first, whereas in others, male flowers bloom first. In this study, male and female flower buds of J. mandshurica at the physiological differentiation stage were used. Illumina-based transcriptome sequencing was performed, and the quality of the sequencing results was evaluated and analyzed. A total of 138,138 unigenes with an average length of 788 bp were obtained. There were 8,116 differentially expressed genes (DEGs); 2,840 genes were upregulated, and 5,276 genes were downregulated. The DEGs were classified by Gene Ontology and analyzed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. The signal transduction factors involved in phytohormone synthesis were selected. The results displayed that ARF and SAUR were expressed differently in the auxin signaling pathway. Additionally, DELLA protein (a negative regulator of gibberellin), the cytokinin synthesis pathway, and A-ARR were downregulated. On April 2nd, the contents of IAA, GA, CTK, ETH and SA in male and female flower buds of two types of J. mandshurica were opposite, and there were obvious genes regulating gender differentiation. Overall, we found that the sex differentiation of J. mandshurica was related to various hormone signal transduction pathways, and hormone signal transduction plays a leading role in regulation.

Biology of Australian seagrasses: Floral development and morphology in Amphibolis (Cymodoceaceae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA McConchie ◽  
SC Ducker ◽  
RB Knox
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Ovary Wall ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mature Flower ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Floral Vasculature ◽  
Female Flowers

Floral development of male and female flowers in Amphibolis antarctica and A. griffithii was followed from the initiation of the floral meristem to the mature flower. In A. antarctica the flowers form on lateral branches, while in A. griffithii they may also develop terminally on an upright branch from the rhizome. A. griffithii and. to a lesser extent, A. antarctica, show sympodial branching from the floral axis. The female flower develops from a pair of primordia; in A. griffithii these primordia each develop three stigmas, which in A. antarctica subsequently may form secondary branches. The. ovary wall bears the initials of the future grappling apparatus, comprising four comb initials in A. grijjjthii and a further inner set of horns in A. antarctica. The female flowers of Amphibolis are unique amongst the members of the Cymodoceaceae in being subtended by a bract or perianth, similar to the male flowers. Differences between the floral vasculature and intravaginal squamulae are presented for both species.

scholarly journals Analysis of Secreted Nectar Volume, Sugar and Amino Acid Content in Male and Female Flower of Evodia daniellii Hemsl

2014 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moon Sup Kim ◽  
Sea Hyun Kim ◽  
Jeong Ho Song ◽  
Hyeu Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Nectar Volume
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