Dietary guanidinoacetic acid improves the growth performance and skeletal muscle development of finishing pigs through changing myogenic gene expression and myofibre characteristics

Members of the MEF2 family of transcription factors are upregulated during skeletal muscle differentiation and cooperate with the MyoD family of myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors to control the expression of muscle-specific genes. To determine the mechanisms that regulate MEF2 gene expression during skeletal muscle development, we analyzed the mouse Mef2c gene for cis-regulatory elements that direct expression in the skeletal muscle lineage in vivo. We describe a skeletal muscle-specific control region for Mef2c that is sufficient to direct lacZ reporter gene expression in a pattern that recapitulates that of the endogenous Mef2c gene in skeletal muscle during pre- and postnatal development. This control region is a direct target for the binding of myogenic bHLH and MEF2 proteins. Mutagenesis of the Mef2c control region shows that a binding site for myogenic bHLH proteins is essential for expression at all stages of skeletal muscle development, whereas an adjacent MEF2 binding site is required for maintenance but not for initiation of Mef2c transcription. Our findings reveal the existence of a regulatory circuit between these two classes of transcription factors that induces, amplifies and maintains their expression during skeletal muscle development.

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Profiling and Functional Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs and mRNAs during Porcine Skeletal Muscle Development

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22020503 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 503

Author(s):

Ya Tan ◽

Mailin Gan ◽

Linyuan Shen ◽

Liang Li ◽

Yuan Fan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Inflection Point ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Noncoding Rnas ◽

Long Noncoding Rnas ◽

Functional Enrichment ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Luciferase Assay ◽

Skeletal Muscle Development

Gene transcripts or mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are differentially expressed during porcine skeletal muscle development. However, only a few studies have been conducted on skeletal muscle transcriptome in pigs based on timepoints according to the growth curve for porcine. Here, we investigated gene expression in Qingyu pigs at three different growth stages: the inflection point with the maximum growth rate (MGI), the inflection point of the gradually increasing stage to the rapidly increasing stage (GRI), and the inflection point of the rapidly increasing stage to the slowly increasing stage (RSI). Subsequently, we explored gene expression profiles during muscle development at the MGI, GRI and RSI stages by Ribo-Zero RNA sequencing. Qingyu pigs reached the MGI, GRI and RSI stages at 156.40, 23.82 and 288.97 days of age with 51.73, 3.14 and 107.03 kg body weight, respectively. A total of 14,530 mRNAs and 11,970 lncRNAs were identified at the three stages, and 645, 323 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 696, 760 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were identified in the GRI vs. MGI, and RSI vs. MGI, comparisons. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in immune system development and energy metabolism (mainly relate to amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid) were enriched at the GRI and MGI stages, respectively, whereas genes involved in lipid metabolism were enriched at the RSI stage. We further characterized G1430, an abundant lncRNA. The full-length sequence (316 nt) of lncRNA G1430 was determined by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Subcellular distribution analysis by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that G1430 is a cytoplasmic lncRNA. Binding site prediction and dual luciferase assay showed that lncRNA G1430 directly binds to microRNA 133a (miR-133a). Our findings provide the basis for further investigation of the regulatory mechanisms and molecular genetics of muscle development in pigs.

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Identifying suitable reference genes for gene expression analysis in developing skeletal muscle in pigs

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.2428 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. e2428 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Guanglin Niu ◽

Yalan Yang ◽

YuanYuan Zhang ◽

Chaoju Hua ◽

Zishuai Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Expression Analysis ◽

Reference Genes ◽

Gene Expression Analysis ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Expression Stability ◽

Skeletal Muscle Development ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Suitable Reference

The selection of suitable reference genes is crucial to accurately evaluate and normalize the relative expression level of target genes for gene function analysis. However, commonly used reference genes have variable expression levels in developing skeletal muscle. There are few reports that systematically evaluate the expression stability of reference genes across prenatal and postnatal developing skeletal muscle in mammals. Here, we used quantitative PCR to examine the expression levels of 15 candidate reference genes (ACTB,GAPDH,RNF7,RHOA,RPS18,RPL32,PPIA,H3F3,API5,B2M,AP1S1,DRAP1,TBP,WSB, andVAPB) in porcine skeletal muscle at 26 different developmental stages (15 prenatal and 11 postnatal periods). We evaluated gene expression stability using the computer algorithms geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. Our results indicated thatGAPDHandACTBhad the greatest variability among the candidate genes across prenatal and postnatal stages of skeletal muscle development.RPS18,API5, andVAPBhad stable expression levels in prenatal stages, whereasAPI5,RPS18,RPL32, andH3F3had stable expression levels in postnatal stages.API5andH3F3expression levels had the greatest stability in all tested prenatal and postnatal stages, and were the most appropriate reference genes for gene expression normalization in developing skeletal muscle. Our data provide valuable information for gene expression analysis during different stages of skeletal muscle development in mammals. This information can provide a valuable guide for the analysis of human diseases.

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Moderate Maternal Energy Restriction During Gestation in Pigs Attenuates Fetal Skeletal Muscle Development Through Changing Myogenic Gene Expression and Myofiber Characteristics

Reproductive Sciences ◽

10.1177/1933719116651151 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 156-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tiande Zou ◽

Dongting He ◽

Bing Yu ◽

Jie Yu ◽

Xiangbing Mao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Energy Restriction ◽

Skeletal Muscle Development

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RNA-Binding Proteins in the Post-transcriptional Control of Skeletal Muscle Development, Regeneration and Disease

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.3389/fcell.2021.738978 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

De-Li Shi ◽

Raphaëlle Grifone

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Binding Proteins ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Rna Binding ◽

Rna Binding Proteins ◽

Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽

The Body ◽

Skeletal Muscle Development ◽

Myogenic Program

Embryonic myogenesis is a temporally and spatially regulated process that generates skeletal muscle of the trunk and limbs. During this process, mononucleated myoblasts derived from myogenic progenitor cells within the somites undergo proliferation, migration and differentiation to elongate and fuse into multinucleated functional myofibers. Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue of the body and has the remarkable ability to self-repair by re-activating the myogenic program in muscle stem cells, known as satellite cells. Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression mediated by RNA-binding proteins is critically required for muscle development during embryogenesis and for muscle homeostasis in the adult. Differential subcellular localization and activity of RNA-binding proteins orchestrates target gene expression at multiple levels to regulate different steps of myogenesis. Dysfunctions of these post-transcriptional regulators impair muscle development and homeostasis, but also cause defects in motor neurons or the neuromuscular junction, resulting in muscle degeneration and neuromuscular disease. Many RNA-binding proteins, such as members of the muscle blind-like (MBNL) and CUG-BP and ETR-3-like factors (CELF) families, display both overlapping and distinct targets in muscle cells. Thus they function either cooperatively or antagonistically to coordinate myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Evidence is accumulating that the dynamic interplay of their regulatory activity may control the progression of myogenic program as well as stem cell quiescence and activation. Moreover, the role of RNA-binding proteins that regulate post-transcriptional modification in the myogenic program is far less understood as compared with transcription factors involved in myogenic specification and differentiation. Here we review past achievements and recent advances in understanding the functions of RNA-binding proteins during skeletal muscle development, regeneration and disease, with the aim to identify the fundamental questions that are still open for further investigations.

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Profiling and Functional Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs and mRNAs during Porcine Skeletal Muscle Development

10.21203/rs.3.rs-104074/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ya Tan ◽

Mailin Gan ◽

Linyuan Shen ◽

Liang Li ◽

Yuan Fan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Inflection Point ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Noncoding Rnas ◽

Long Noncoding Rnas ◽

Functional Enrichment ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Luciferase Assay ◽

Skeletal Muscle Development

Abstract BackgroundGene transcripts or mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are differentially expressed during porcine skeletal muscle development. However, only a few studies have been conducted on skeletal muscle transcriptome in pigs based on timepoints according to the growth curve for porcine. Here, we investigated gene expression in Qingyu pigs at three different growth stages: of the inflection point with the maximum growth rate (MGI), inflection point of gradual increase stage to rapid increasing stage (GRI) and inflection point of rapid increasing stage to slowly increasing stage (RSI). Subsequently, we explored gene expression profiles during muscle development at the MGI, GRI and RSI stages by Ribo-Zero RNA sequencing. ResultsQingyu pigs reached the MGI, GRI and RSI stages at 156.40, 23.82 and 288.97 days of age with 51.73, 3.14 and 107.03 kg body weight, respectively. A total of 14,530 mRNAs and 11,970 lncRNAs were identified at the three stages, and 645, 323 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 696, 760 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were identified in the GRI vs. MGI, RSI vs. MGI comparisons. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in immune system development and energy metabolism (mainly relate to amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid) were enriched at the GRI and MGI stages, respectively, whereas genes involved in energy and lipid metabolism were enriched at the RSI stage. We further characterized G1430, an abundant lncRNA. The full-length sequence (316 nt) of lncRNA G1430 was determined by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Subcellular distribution analysis by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that G1430 is a cytoplasmic lncRNA. Binding site prediction and dual luciferase assay showed that lncRNA G1430 directly binds to microRNA 133a (miR-133a). ConclusionThese findings indicate lncRNAs and a certain lncRNA G1430 involved in the regulatory mechanism during pig muscle development. Our findings provide the basis for further investigation of the regulatory mechanisms and molecular genetics of muscle development in pigs.

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Tiny Regulators of Massive Tissue: MicroRNAs in Skeletal Muscle Development, Myopathies, and Cancer Cachexia

Frontiers in Oncology ◽

10.3389/fonc.2020.598964 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Gurinder Bir Singh ◽

Douglas B Cowan ◽

Da-Zhi Wang

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Cancer Cachexia ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Skeletal Muscle Development ◽

Muscle Disorders ◽

Muscle Biology ◽

And Function

Skeletal muscles are the largest tissues in our body and the physiological function of muscle is essential to every aspect of life. The regulation of development, homeostasis, and metabolism is critical for the proper functioning of skeletal muscle. Consequently, understanding the processes involved in the regulation of myogenesis is of great interest. Non-coding RNAs especially microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and function. MiRNAs are small (~22 nucleotides long) noncoding RNAs known to negatively regulate target gene expression post-transcriptionally and are abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle. Gain- and loss-of function studies have revealed important roles of this class of small molecules in muscle biology and disease. In this review, we summarize the latest research that explores the role of miRNAs in skeletal muscle development, gene expression, and function as well as in muscle disorders like sarcopenia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Continuing with the theme of the current review series, we also briefly discuss the role of miRNAs in cancer cachexia.

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