scholarly journals An analysis of Apollo lunar soil samples 12070,889, 12030,187, and 12070,891: Basaltic diversity at the Apollo 12 landing site and implications for classification of small-sized lunar samples

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1654-1677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Alexander ◽  
Joshua F. Snape ◽  
Katherine H. Joy ◽  
Hilary Downes ◽  
Ian A. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Landing Site ◽  
Lunar Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lunar Samples

ROBOTS for MOON EXPLORATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Litvak ◽  
Igor Mitrofanov ◽  
Lev Zelenyi ◽  
Vladislav Tretyakov ◽  
Tatiana Kozlova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Regolith ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Lunar Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Robotic Arm ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Water Ice

<p>Russian lunar program includes several landing missions of Luna-25, Luna-27, Luna-28 which should be implemented step by step to explore mineralogical, chemical, and isotopic compositions of the lunar polar regolith, search for volatile compounds, deliver soil samples to the Earth and prepare future manned expeditions to Moon.</p><p>The successful implementation of these missions requires employing of excavation and drilling of lunar regolith to the different depths with extraction of soil samples for the farther analysis (in situ or sample return).The first mission in row Luna-25 will be launched in October 2021 and landed at the area located north of Boguslawsky crater. This lander is equipped with the Lunar Manipulation Complex (LMC) – the robotic arm that should excavate lunar regolith (down to 5 – 25 cm) and deliver sample of lunar soil to the analytical instrumentation for the elemental and isotopic analysis. The robotic arm is already passed through the validation, functional and calibration tests in lunar-like conditions (low pressures and low temperatures) to imitate interaction with lunar soil simulant enriched with different content of water.</p><p>The Luna – 27 and Luna – 28 will be landed at southern polar regions (landing site selection is in progress). They will be equipped with Deep Drill Systems (DDS) to take samples of polar regolith enriched with water ice and other volatiles from 1-2 m depths. The DDS for Luna-27 , as part of the PROSPECT suit, shall be contributed by ESA. The DDS for Luna – 28 (the sample polar return mission) is being developed by Space Research Institute.In this presentation we report the results of ground tests with LMC units and DDS prototype.In addition to DDS, it is expected that Luna – 28 will carry a small sized lunokhod (~100 kg) to support sample collection and proceed with geological survey program (up to 30 km around the landing site per one year). The lunokhod will study elemental/isotopic/mineral composition of lunar regolith along rover traverse to estimate accessibility of lunar resources (first of all, water ice as a source of hydrogen and oxygen) applicable for potential industry utilization and support of manned expeditions. </p><p>The Russian lunar program assumes synergy of robotic and manned missions. Beyond Luna -25,27,28, it is expected that the next lunar missions will deliver to Moon surface heavy lunokhod, which will prepare the landing of the manned mission.  Finally, as part of testing program for manned lander (without cosmonauts), it is proposed to deliver multifunctional robotic equipment to support  the following arrival of cosmonauts. </p>

K-MEANS CLUSTERING ALGORITHM BASED CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL FERTILITY IN NORTH WEST NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 780-787
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Hassan Hayatu ◽  
Abdullahi Mohammed ◽  
Barroon Ahmad Isma’eel ◽  
Sahabi Yusuf Ali
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
North West ◽  
R Programming ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
The Relationship

Soil fertility determines a plant's development process that guarantees food sufficiency and the security of lives and properties through bumper harvests. The fertility of soil varies according to regions, thereby determining the type of crops to be planted. However, there is no repository or any source of information about the fertility of the soil in any region in Nigeria especially the Northwest of the country. The only available information is soil samples with their attributes which gives little or no information to the average farmer. This has affected crop yield in all the regions, more particularly the Northwest region, thus resulting in lower food production.  Therefore, this study is aimed at classifying soil data based on their fertility in the Northwest region of Nigeria using R programming. Data were obtained from the department of soil science from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The data contain 400 soil samples containing 13 attributes. The relationship between soil attributes was observed based on the data. K-means clustering algorithm was employed in analyzing soil fertility clusters. Four clusters were identified with cluster 1 having the highest fertility, followed by 2 and the fertility decreases with an increasing number of clusters. The identification of the most fertile clusters will guide farmers on where best to concentrate on when planting their crops in order to improve productivity and crop yield.

scholarly journals Bacteriophages LIMElight and LIMEzero of Pantoea agglomerans, Belonging to the “phiKMV-Like Viruses”

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 3443-3450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelien M. Adriaenssens ◽  
Pieter-Jan Ceyssens ◽  
Vincent Dunon ◽  
Hans-Wolfgang Ackermann ◽  
Johan Van Vaerenbergh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pantoea Agglomerans ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Host Diversity ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Opportunistic Human Pathogen ◽  
Reading Frames

ABSTRACTPantoea agglomeransis a common soil bacterium used in the biocontrol of fungi and bacteria but is also an opportunistic human pathogen. It has been described extensively in this context, but knowledge of bacteriophages infecting this species is limited. Bacteriophages LIMEzero and LIMElight ofP. agglomeransare lytic phages, isolated from soil samples, belonging to thePodoviridaeand are the firstPantoeaphages of this family to be described. The double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes (43,032 bp and 44,546 bp, respectively) encode 57 and 55 open reading frames (ORFs). Based on the presence of an RNA polymerase in their genomes and their overall genome architecture, these phages should be classified in the subfamily of theAutographivirinae, within the genus of the “phiKMV-like viruses.” Phylogenetic analysis of all the sequenced members of theAutographivirinaesupports the classification of phages LIMElight and LIMEzero as members of the “phiKMV-like viruses” and corroborates the subdivision into the different genera. These data expand the knowledge ofPantoeaphages and illustrate the wide host diversity of phages within the “phiKMV-like viruses.”

scholarly journals Classification of robotic battery service systems for unmanned aerial vehicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 03023
Author(s):  
Tien Ngo ◽  
Mehmet Guzey ◽  
Vladimir Dashevsky
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Operator Experience ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Robotic Platforms ◽  
Algorithmic Model

Existing examples of prototypes of ground-based robotic platforms used as a landing site for unmanned aerial vehicles are considered. In some cases, they are equipped with a maintenance mechanism for the power supply module. The main requirements for robotic multi-copter battery maintenance systems depending on operating conditions, required processing speed, operator experience and other parameters are analyzed. The key issues remain questions of the autonomous landing of the unmanned aerial vehicles on the platform and approach to servicing battery. The existing prototypes of service robotic platforms are differed in the complexity of internal mechanisms, speed of service, algorithms of joint work of the platform and unmanned aerial vehicles during the landing and maintenance of the battery. The classification of robotic systems for servicing the power supply of multi-copter batteries criteria is presented using the following: the type of basing, the method of navigation during landing, the shape of the landing pad, the method of restoring the power supply module. The proposed algorithmic model of the operation of battery power maintenance system of the multi-copter on ground-based robotic platform during solving the target agrarian problem is described. Wireless methods of battery recovery are most promising, so further development and prototyping of a wireless charging station for multi-copter batteries will be developed.

Classification of soil samples based on Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry combined with chemometric methods and variable selection

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 8930-8939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aderval S. Luna ◽  
Igor C. A. Lima ◽  
Werickson F. C. Rocha ◽  
Joyce R. Araújo ◽  
Alexei Kuznetsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Variable Selection ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Chemometric Methods ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
X Ray

Soil classification is crucial for its cultivation preparation in countries that export several agricultural commodities.

The stability of soils used for cropping in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Vance ◽  
B. M. McKenzie ◽  
J. M. Tisdall
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Mechanical Dispersion ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Dispersion Test ◽  
The Stability

Three hundred and six soil samples were classified for sodicity on the basis of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and for spontaneous or mechanical dispersion on the basis of a dispersion test (Emerson 1991). Each sample was analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), concentrations of exchangeable and soluble cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), and concentration of organic carbon (OC). These variables were used to explain the sodicity and dispersive classifications of the 306 samples. Concentrations of exchangeable and soluble Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ along with EC and total cation concentration (TCC) significantly affected the sodicity and dispersion classification of the soil. A sodic soil was expected to disperse spontaneously, a non-sodic soil was not expected to disperse spontaneously. From this hypothesis the expected and observed dispersion class was compared with sodicity class. The expected result corresponded to the observed result 77% of the time and the hypothesis was accepted (P < 0.001).

scholarly journals Volcanic history of the Imbrium basin: A close-up view from the lunar rover Yutu

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (17) ◽  
pp. 5342-5347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhai Zhang ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
Sen Hu ◽  
Yangting Lin ◽  
Guangyou Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Regolith ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Lunar Soil ◽  
Lunar Rover ◽  
Surface Exploration ◽  
Mantle Reservoir ◽  
History Of ◽  
Radar Measurements ◽  
Residual Melt

We report the surface exploration by the lunar rover Yutu that landed on the young lava flow in the northeastern part of the Mare Imbrium, which is the largest basin on the nearside of the Moon and is filled with several basalt units estimated to date from 3.5 to 2.0 Ga. The onboard lunar penetrating radar conducted a 114-m-long profile, which measured a thickness of ∼5 m of the lunar regolith layer and detected three underlying basalt units at depths of 195, 215, and 345 m. The radar measurements suggest underestimation of the global lunar regolith thickness by other methods and reveal a vast volume of the last volcano eruption. The in situ spectral reflectance and elemental analysis of the lunar soil at the landing site suggest that the young basalt could be derived from an ilmenite-rich mantle reservoir and then assimilated by 10–20% of the last residual melt of the lunar magma ocean.

Selection of Spectral Preprocessing Methods for Soil Texture Classification

2011 ◽  
Vol 181-182 ◽  
pp. 416-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Qing Yang ◽  
Bo Yan Kuang ◽  
Abdul M. Mouazen
Keyword(s):  
Texture Classification ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Normal Variation ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Score Plot ◽  
Standard Normal ◽  
Fast Classification ◽  
Selection Of

Fast classification of soil with different texture is essential for site-specific application of different inputs into farmland. Total 178 soil samples with five textures were collected from Silsoe Farm, Cranfield University, England. Using a Vis/NIR spectrophotometer (LabSpec2500, ASD), spectra of soil samples were scanned for the study. Amongst various pre-processing methods, smoothing with moving average(MA), standard normal variation(SNV) and 1st derivatives were mainly investigated. PCA was applied to evaluate the discriminative capacity of the pre-processing methods on soil spectra. The score plot of PCs shows that 1st derivative with variable smoothing points can help classify soil samples much more effectively than others. With the increase of smoothing points, the cumulative variance of first few PCs in PCA tends to increase while the discriminative capability based on these PCs becomes worse. A trade-off between cumulative variance and discriminative capability should be concerned. In the study, an appropriate range of smoothing points in the 1st derivative is 7-21.

scholarly journals Studies on diversity of soil microfungi in the Hornsund area, Spitsbergen

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Hafizah Hafizah ◽  
Siti Aisyah Alias ◽  
Hii Yii Siang ◽  
Jerzy Smykla ◽  
Ka−Lai Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Thermal Growth ◽  
Geomyces Pannorum ◽  
Soil Microfungi

Abstract We assessed culturable soil microfungal diversity in various habitats around Hornsund, Spitsbergen in the High Arctic, using potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Thermal growth classification of the fungi obtained was determined by incubating them in 4°C and 25°C, permitting separation of those with psychrophilic, psychrotolerant and mesophilic char− acteristics. In total, 68 fungal isolates were obtained from 12 soil samples, and grouped into 38 mycelial morphotypes. Intergenic spacer regions of these morphotypes were sequenced, and they represented 25 distinct taxonomic units, of which 21 showed sufficient similarity with available sequence data in NCBI to be identified to species level. Soil under ornithogenic influence showed the highest species diversity, including sequences assigned to Mortierella macrocystis, M. elongata, Mortierella sp., Cudoniella sp., Varicosporium elodeae, Beauveria bassiana, Geomyces pannorum, Penicillium sp. and Atradidymella muscivora. Fourteen taxa were classified as psychrophilic, seven mesophilic, and four psychrotolerant.

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