scholarly journals Adaptive divergence despite strong genetic drift: genomic analysis of the evolutionary mechanisms causing genetic differentiation in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis)

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2176-2194 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Chris Funk ◽  
Robert E. Lovich ◽  
Paul A. Hohenlohe ◽  
Courtney A. Hofman ◽  
Scott A. Morrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Island Fox ◽  
Urocyon Littoralis

scholarly journals Adaptive divergence in resistance to herbivores inDatura stramonium

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Castillo ◽  
Pedro L. Valverde ◽  
Laura L. Cruz ◽  
Johnattan Hernández-Cumplido ◽  
Guadalupe Andraca-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Restricted Gene Flow ◽  
Trichome Density ◽  
Phenotypic Differentiation ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Traits

Defensive traits exhibited by plants vary widely across populations. Heritable phenotypic differentiation is likely to be produced by genetic drift and spatially restricted gene flow between populations. However, spatially variable selection exerted by herbivores may also give rise to differences among populations. To explore to what extent these factors promote the among-population differentiation of plant resistance of 13 populations ofDatura stramonium, we compared the degree of phenotypic differentiation (PST) of leaf resistance traits (trichome density, atropine and scopolamine concentration) against neutral genetic differentiation (FST) at microsatellite loci. Results showed that phenotypic differentiation in defensive traits among-population is not consistent with divergence promoted by genetic drift and restricted gene flow alone. Phenotypic differentiation in scopolamine concentration was significantly higher thanFSTacross the range of trait heritability values. In contrast, genetic differentiation in trichome density was different fromFSTonly when heritability was very low. On the other hand, differentiation in atropine concentration differed from the neutral expectation when heritability was less than or equal to 0.3. In addition, we did not find a significant correlation between pair-wise neutral genetic distances and distances of phenotypic resistance traits. Our findings reinforce previous evidence that divergent natural selection exerted by herbivores has promoted the among-population phenotypic differentiation of defensive traits inD. stramonium.

scholarly journals Teaching Evolutionary Mechanisms: Genetic Drift and M&M's®

BioScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
NANCY L. STAUB
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms

scholarly journals Spatial Organization of the Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis) on Santa Cruz Island, California

1996 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Crooks ◽  
Dirk van Vuren
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Santa Cruz Island ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Island Fox ◽  
Urocyon Littoralis

scholarly journals Serial founder effects and genetic differentiation during worldwide range expansion of monarch butterflies

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1797) ◽  
pp. 20142230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda A. Pierce ◽  
Myron P. Zalucki ◽  
Marie Bangura ◽  
Milan Udawatta ◽  
Marcus R. Kronforst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
North American ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Founder Effects ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Mobile Species ◽  
High Dispersal

Range expansions can result in founder effects, increasing genetic differentiation between expanding populations and reducing genetic diversity along the expansion front. However, few studies have addressed these effects in long-distance migratory species, for which high dispersal ability might counter the effects of genetic drift. Monarchs ( Danaus plexippus ) are best known for undertaking a long-distance annual migration in North America, but have also dispersed around the world to form populations that do not migrate or travel only short distances. Here, we used microsatellite markers to assess genetic differentiation among 18 monarch populations and to determine worldwide colonization routes. Our results indicate that North American monarch populations connected by land show limited differentiation, probably because of the monarch's ability to migrate long distances. Conversely, we found high genetic differentiation between populations separated by large bodies of water. Moreover, we show evidence for serial founder effects across the Pacific, suggesting stepwise dispersal from a North American origin. These findings demonstrate that genetic drift played a major role in shaping allele frequencies and created genetic differentiation among newly formed populations. Thus, range expansion can give rise to genetic differentiation and declines in genetic diversity, even in highly mobile species.

scholarly journals Ear Mite Removal in the Santa Catalina Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis catalinae): Controlling Risk Factors for Cancer Development

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e0144271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E. Moriarty ◽  
T. Winston Vickers ◽  
Deana L. Clifford ◽  
David K. Garcelon ◽  
Patricia M. Gaffney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Island Fox ◽  
Urocyon Littoralis ◽  
Santa Catalina Island

A Morphologic and Genetic Study of the Island Fox, Urocyon littoralis

Evolution ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Wayne ◽  
Sarah B. George ◽  
Dennis Gilbert ◽  
Paul W. Collins ◽  
Steven D. Kovach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Study ◽  
Island Fox ◽  
Urocyon Littoralis

XENOTRANSFUSION IN AN ISLAND FOX (UROCYON LITTORALIS CLEMENTAE) USING BLOOD FROM A DOMESTIC DOG (CANIS LUPUS FAMILIARIS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 923-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly E. Martony ◽  
Kristian J. Krause ◽  
Scott H. Weldy ◽  
Stephen A. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Island Fox ◽  
Urocyon Littoralis

scholarly journals Effect of Geography and Captivity on Scat Bacterial Communities in the Imperiled Channel Island Fox

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole E Adams ◽  
Madeleine A Becker ◽  
Suzanne Edmands
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Channel Island ◽  
Island Fox ◽  
Urocyon Littoralis

Abstract Background With developing understanding that host-associated microbiota play significant roles in individual health and fitness, taking an interdisciplinary approach combining microbiome research with conservation science is increasingly favored. Here we establish the scat microbiome of the imperiled Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) and look at the effects of geography and captivity on the variation in bacterial communities. Results Using high throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we discovered distinct bacterial communities in each island fox subspecies. Weight, timing of the sample collection, and sex contributed to the geographic patterns. We uncovered significant taxonomic differences and an overall decrease in bacterial diversity in captive versus wild foxes. Conclusions Understanding the drivers of microbial variation in this system provides a valuable lens through which to evaluate the health and conservation of these genetically depauperate foxes. The island-specific bacterial community baselines established in this study can make monitoring island fox health easier and understanding the implications of inter-island translocation clearer. The decrease in bacterial diversity within captive foxes could lead to losses in the functional services normally provided by commensal microbes and suggests that zoos and captive breeding programs would benefit from maintaining microbial diversity.

scholarly journals The frequency spectrum of chromatin accessibility in Yorubans points toward a significant role of random genetic drift in shaping the chromatin landscape

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariah Weavil-Abueg ◽  
Joshua G. Schraiber
Keyword(s):  
Human Genome ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Open Chromatin ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Random Mutation

AbstractThe function of non-coding variation in the human genome is hotly debated. While much of the genome appears to be involved in some kind of molecular activity, a relatively small portion of the genome appears to be conserved across mammalian species. To try to understand part of this seeming paradox, we examined chromatin accessibility as a model molecular phenotype. We modeled chromatin state as either open or closed as looked at the frequency of open chromatin across 70 Yoruban cell lines. We saw that most regions of chromatin accessibility occurred in only a small number of individuals, although there are a number of regions that are accessible across the entire panel. To delve further into understanding the evolutionary mechanisms, we examined nucleotide diversity in and around accessible regions. We found that in the open chromatin access, low frequency regions had decreased nucleotide diversity, however, they were situated within regions of elevated nucleotide diversity. These results point toward a role of random mutation and genetic drift shaping the distribution of accessible regions in the human genome.

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