scholarly journals Risk of waterborne virus spread - review of survival of relevant fish and crustacean viruses in the aquatic environment and implications for control measures

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Oidtmann ◽  
Peter Dixon ◽  
Keith Way ◽  
Claire Joiner ◽  
Amanda E. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Waterborne Virus

scholarly journals Transmission dynamics and control of COVID-19 in Chile, March-October, 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amna Tariq ◽  
Eduardo A. Undurraga ◽  
Carla Castillo Laborde ◽  
Katia Vogt-Geisse ◽  
Ruiyan Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
First Case

Since the detection of the first case of COVID-19 in Chile on March 3rd, 2020, a total of 513188 cases, including ~14302 deaths have been reported in Chile as of November 2nd, 2020. Here, we estimate the reproduction number throughout the epidemic in Chile and study the effectiveness of control interventions especially the effectiveness of lockdowns by conducting short-term forecasts based on the early transmission dynamics of COVID-19. Chile's incidence curve displays early sub-exponential growth dynamics with the deceleration of growth parameter, p, estimated at 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7, 0.8) and the reproduction number, R, estimated at 1.8 (95% CI: 1.6, 1.9). Our findings indicate that the control measures at the start of the epidemic significantly slowed down the spread of the virus. However, the relaxation of restrictions and spread of the virus in low-income neighborhoods in May led to a new surge of infections, followed by the reimposition of lockdowns in Greater Santiago and other municipalities. These measures have decelerated the virus spread with R estimated at ~0.96( 95% CI: 0.95, 0.98) as of November 2nd, 2020. The early sub-exponential growth trend (p ~0.8) of the COVID-19 epidemic transformed into a linear growth trend (p ~0.5) as of July 7th, 2020, after the reimposition of lockdowns. While the broad scale social distancing interventions have slowed the virus spread, the number of new COVID-19 cases continue to accrue, underscoring the need for persistent social distancing and active case detection and isolation efforts to maintain the epidemic under control.

scholarly journals Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission from Humans to Pets and Vice Versa

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-38
Author(s):  
Zameer Shervani ◽  
Intazam Khan ◽  
Noha Yamin Siddiqui ◽  
Tooba Khan ◽  
Umair Yaqub Qazi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Zoonotic Transmission ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Cat Flea ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Animal Management ◽  
And Control

Numerous studies have described human-to-human airborne and contact-based transmissions of SARS-CoV-2, the epidemiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this review article, we assess the COVID-19 reverse-zoonotic transmission from humans-to-household pets and zoonotic transmission from pets-to-humans, and animal-to-animal transmission between cohoused pets including cats, dogs, and ferrets. COVID-19 in mink, ducks, pigs, chickens, and ectoparasite of domestic pets such as cat flea are also discussed. Cats and ferrets were found highly susceptible to SARS-COV-2; dogs susceptible to a lower degree; and chickens, pigs, and ducks not susceptible. Reverse zoonotic SARS-COV-2 transmission in dogs and cats was found as confirmed by genetic analysis of virus strains isolated from pets and pet owners. Most studies show absence of clinical symptoms in infected dogs and cats. There is no evidence of zoonotic transmission of SARS-COV-2 from pets, although the possibility could not be ruled out. COVID-19 in mink farms showed both human-to-mink and subsequent mink-to-human (zoonotic) transmission raising concerns about mink becoming possible unexpected intermediate hosts of SARS-COV-2. Preventative and control measures limiting zoonotic and reverse zoonotic COVID-19 transmissions should be developed and enforced publicly to minimize virus spread. Our article is important for animal and pet management in COVID-19 pandemic. As there is no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from household pets to humans, the pets must not be abandoned. To avoid virus transmission from infected households and pet-to-pet, the pets must be quarantined and isolated similar to humans. Leaving pets roaming in the community will increase the chances of virus spread. The original source of the virus is still unknown therefore, pets and animal management is necessary to stop the current and future pandemic.

scholarly journals African Swine Fever in Two Large Commercial Pig Farms in LATVIA—Estimation of the High Risk Period and Virus Spread within the Farm

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristīne Lamberga ◽  
Edvīns Oļševskis ◽  
Mārtiņš Seržants ◽  
Aivars Bērziņš ◽  
Arvo Viltrop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Early Disease Detection ◽  
Risk Period ◽  
Commercial Farms

African swine fever (ASF) was first detected in Latvia in wild boar at the Eastern border in June 2014. Since then ASF has continued to spread in wild boar populations covering almost whole territory of the country. Sporadic outbreaks occurred at the same time in domestic pig holdings located in wild boar infected areas. Here we present the results of the epidemiological investigation in two large commercial farms. Several parameters were analyzed to determine the high risk period (HRP) and to investigate the ASF virus spread within the farm. Clinical data, mortality rates and laboratory results proved to be good indicators for estimating the HRP. The measures for early disease detection, particularly the enhanced passive surveillance that is targeting dead and sick pigs, were analyzed and discussed. Enhanced passive surveillance proved to be a key element to detect ASF at an early stage. The study also showed that ASF virus might spread slowly within a large farm depending mainly on direct contacts between pigs and the level of internal biosecurity. Findings suggest improvements in outbreak prevention, control measures and may contribute to a better understanding of ASF spreading patterns within large pig herds. Culling of all pigs in large commercial farms could be reconsidered under certain conditions.

scholarly journals Transmission dynamics and control of COVID-19 in Chile, March-October, 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. e0009070
Author(s):  
Amna Tariq ◽  
Eduardo A. Undurraga ◽  
Carla Castillo Laborde ◽  
Katia Vogt-Geisse ◽  
Ruiyan Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
First Case

Since the detection of the first case of COVID-19 in Chile on March 3rd, 2020, a total of 513,188 cases, including ~14,302 deaths have been reported in Chile as of November 2nd, 2020. Here, we estimate the reproduction number throughout the epidemic in Chile and study the effectiveness of control interventions especially the effectiveness of lockdowns by conducting short-term forecasts based on the early transmission dynamics of COVID-19. Chile’s incidence curve displays early sub-exponential growth dynamics with the deceleration of growth parameter, p, estimated at 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7, 0.8) and the reproduction number, R, estimated at 1.8 (95% CI: 1.6, 1.9). Our findings indicate that the control measures at the start of the epidemic significantly slowed down the spread of the virus. However, the relaxation of restrictions and spread of the virus in low-income neighborhoods in May led to a new surge of infections, followed by the reimposition of lockdowns in Greater Santiago and other municipalities. These measures have decelerated the virus spread with R estimated at ~0.96 (95% CI: 0.95, 0.98) as of November 2nd, 2020. The early sub-exponential growth trend (p ~0.8) of the COVID-19 epidemic transformed into a linear growth trend (p ~0.5) as of July 7th, 2020, after the reimposition of lockdowns. While the broad scale social distancing interventions have slowed the virus spread, the number of new COVID-19 cases continue to accrue, underscoring the need for persistent social distancing and active case detection and isolation efforts to maintain the epidemic under control.

Electron Microscopy in the Study of Natural Phytoplankton Assemblages

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 620-623
Author(s):  
Linda Sicko-Goad
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Phytoplankton Assemblages ◽  
Phytoplankton Productivity ◽  
Ecosystem Effects ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Species Specific

Although the use of electron microscopy and its varied methodologies is not usually associated with ecological studies, the types of species specific information that can be generated by these techniques are often quite useful in predicting long-term ecosystem effects. The utility of these techniques is especially apparent when one considers both the size range of particles found in the aquatic environment and the complexity of the phytoplankton assemblages.The size range and character of organisms found in the aquatic environment are dependent upon a variety of physical parameters that include sampling depth, location, and time of year. In the winter months, all the Laurentian Great Lakes are uniformly mixed and homothermous in the range of 1.1 to 1.7°C. During this time phytoplankton productivity is quite low.

Lycopene alleviates sulfamethoxazole-induced hepatotoxicity in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) via suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 8547-8559
Author(s):  
Hongjing Zhao ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Mengyao Mu ◽  
Menghao Guo ◽  
Hongxian Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idellus

Antibiotics are used worldwide to treat diseases in humans and other animals; most of them and their secondary metabolites are discharged into the aquatic environment, posing a serious threat to human health.

Basic Infection Control Measures Backed for H1N1

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
HEIDI SPLETE
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Control Measures
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