Effects of vitamin D supplementation on salivary immune responses during Marine Corps basic training

AbstractVitamin D, best known for its role in skeletal health, has emerged as a key regulator of innate immune responses to microbial threat. In immune cells such as macrophages, expression of CYP27B1, the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase, is induced by immune-specific inputs, leading to local production of hormonal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) at sites of infection, which in turn directly induces the expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides. Vitamin D signaling is active upstream and downstream of pattern recognition receptors, which promote front-line innate immune responses. Moreover, 1,25D stimulates autophagy, which has emerged as a mechanism critical for control of intracellular pathogens such as M. tuberculosis. Strong laboratory and epidemiological evidence links vitamin D deficiency to increased rates of conditions such as dental caries, as well as inflammatory bowel diseases arising from dysregulation of innate immune handling intestinal flora. 1,25D is also active in signaling cascades that promote antiviral innate immunity; 1,25D-induced expression of the antimicrobial peptide CAMP/LL37, originally characterized for its antibacterial properties, is a key component of antiviral responses. Poor vitamin D status is associated with greater susceptibility to viral infections, including those of the respiratory tract. Although the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic has been alleviated in some areas by the arrival of vaccines, it remains important to identify therapeutic interventions that reduce disease severity and mortality, and accelerate recovery. This review outlines of our current knowledge of the mechanisms of action of vitamin D signaling in the innate immune system. It also provides an assessment of the therapeutic potential of vitamin D supplementation in infectious diseases, including an up-to-date analysis of the putative benefits of vitamin D supplementation in the ongoing COVID-19 crisis.

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Vitamin D status and associated factors among HIV-infected children and adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in Kampala, Uganda

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0253689 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. e0253689

Author(s):

Thereza Were Piloya ◽

Sabrina Bakeera–Kitaka ◽

Grace Paul Kisitu ◽

Richard Idro ◽

Sarah E. Cusick

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Serum Vitamin ◽

Vitamin D Insufficiency ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

P Value ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Serum Vitamin D ◽

Art Initiation

Background A high prevalence of suboptimal serum vitamin D has been reported among HIV infected children even in countries with high sunshine abundance throughout the year. Vitamin D is a potent immune modulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. Vitamin D regulates immune responses through the vitamin D receptor on CD4 cells. We aimed to determine the vitamin D status of HIV infected children and factors associated with suboptimal vitamin D. Methods This was a cross sectional study. We enrolled children aged between 6 months and 12 years attending an outpatient paediatric HIV clinic. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured using the electrochemoluminisence method. Suboptimal vitamin D was defined as 25(OH)D <30 ng/ml, vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were 21–29 ng/ml and <20 ng/ml respectively. Anthropometry, physical exam and medical history were documented. Logistic regression was performed. Results We enrolled 376 children with mean age (sd) 8.05 years (3.03), a median (IQR) duration of ART of 5.9 years (3.2–8.4). Majority of the children (64%) had been exposed to non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). A third were severely immunosuppressed (CD4% ≤15%) at ART initiation. At the time of the study, the majority (89%) were virologically suppressed (VL <1000 copies/ml). Prevalence of 25(OH)D <30 ng/ml was 49 (13%) of 375 participants and 11 (3%) had 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml. Lopinavir/ritonavir regimen was independently associated with 25(OH)D <30 ng/ml; OR 0.27 CI (0.13–0.57), p value-0.002. Serum 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml was associated with CD4 count ≤15% at ART initiation OR 6.55(1.30–32.9), p value—0.023 and use of NNRTIs; OR 10.9(1.22–96.2), p value—0.03. Conclusion We found a low prevalence of suboptimal vitamin D compared to earlier reports. Severe immunosuppression at ART initiation and use of NNRTIs increases odds of deficiency. Vitamin D supplementation should be considered in severely immunosuppressed children initiating ART.

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Vitamin D3 as Potential Treatment Adjuncts for COVID-19

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12113512 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3512 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lucia Malaguarnera

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Critical Role ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Protective Properties ◽

Adaptive Immune

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type (SARS-CoV2, also known as COVID-19), which is the latest pandemic infectious disease, constitutes a serious risk to human health. SARS-CoV2 infection causes immune activation and systemic hyperinflammation which can lead to respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS victims are characterized by a significant increase in IL-6 and IL-1. Macrophage activation, associated with the “cytokine storm”, promotes the dysregulation of the innate immunity. So far, without vaccines or specific therapy, all efforts to design drugs or clinical trials are worthwhile. Vitamin D and its receptor vitamin D receptor (VDR) exert a critical role in infections due to their remarkable impact on both innate and adaptive immune responses and on the suppression of the inflammatory process. The protective properties of vitamin D supplementation have been supported by numerous observational studies and by meta-analysis of clinical trials for prevention of viral acute respiratory infection. In this review, we compare the mechanisms of the host immune response to SARS-CoV2 infection and the immunomodulatory actions that vitamin D exerts in order to consider the preventive effect of vitamin D supplementation on SARS-CoV2 viral infection.

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Vitamin D supplementation and antibacterial immune responses in adolescents and young adults with HIV/AIDS

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ◽

10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.07.013 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 148 ◽

pp. 290-297 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Rene F. Chun ◽

Nancy Q. Liu ◽

T. Lee ◽

Joan I. Schall ◽

Michelle R. Denburg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Young Adults ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Hiv Aids

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Effect of maternal vitamin D supplementation on nasal pneumococcal acquisition, carriage dynamics and carriage density in infants in Dhaka, Bangladesh

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-022-07032-y ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mahgol Taghivand ◽

Lisa G. Pell ◽

Mohammed Z. Rahman ◽

Abdullah A. Mahmud ◽

Eric O. Ohuma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Post Partum ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Interval Censored ◽

Registration Number

Abstract Background Invasive pneumococcal disease is a major cause of infant morbidity and death worldwide. Vitamin D promotes anti-pneumococcal immune responses in vitro, but whether improvements in infant vitamin D status modify risks of nasal pneumococcal acquisition in early life is not known. Methods This is a secondary analysis of data collected in a trial cohort in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Acute respiratory infection (ARI) surveillance was conducted from 0 to 6 months of age among 1060 infants of women randomized to one of four pre/post-partum vitamin D dose combinations or placebo. Nasal swab samples were collected based on standardized ARI criteria, and pneumococcal DNA quantified by qPCR. Hazards ratios of pneumococcal acquisition and carriage dynamics were estimated using interval-censored survival and multi-state modelling. Results Pneumococcal carriage was detected at least once in 90% of infants by 6 months of age; overall, 69% of swabs were positive (2616/3792). There were no differences between any vitamin D group and placebo in the hazards of pneumococcal acquisition, carriage dynamics, or carriage density (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusion Despite in vitro data suggesting that vitamin D promoted immune responses against pneumococcus, improvements in postnatal vitamin D status did not reduce the rate, alter age of onset, or change dynamics of nasal pneumococcal colonization in early infancy. Trial registration Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with the registration number of NCT02388516 and first posted on March 17, 2015.

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Abstract #224 Sublingual Vitamin D Effective in Improving Low Vitamin D Levels in Patients Resistant to Conventional Vitamin D Supplementation

Endocrine Practice ◽

10.1016/s1530-891x(20)46568-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 76-77

Author(s):

Sobia Faisal ◽

Faryal Mirza

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Vitamin D Levels

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Bone loss and fractures in congestive heart failure: effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation

European Journal of Heart Failure Supplements ◽

10.1016/s1567-4215(08)60035-1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 13-13

Author(s):

A ABOURAYA ◽

S ABOURAYA ◽

M HELMII

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Congestive Heart Failure ◽

Bone Loss ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation

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Profiling older community-dwellers with hypovitaminosis D: A classification tree analysis

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000591 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 90 (3-4) ◽

pp. 195-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gaelle Chevallereau ◽

Mathilde Legeay ◽

Guillaume T. Duval ◽

Spyridon N. Karras ◽

Bruno Fantino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Classification Tree ◽

Hypovitaminosis D ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Gait Disorders ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

Chaid Analysis ◽

Clinical Profiles ◽

Community Dwellers

Abstract. Despite the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in older adults, universal vitamin D supplementation is not recommended due to potential risk of intoxication. Our aim here was to determine the clinical profiles of older community-dwellers with hypovitaminosis D. The perspective is to build novel strategies to screen for and supplement those with hypovitaminosis D. A classification tree (CHAID analysis) was performed on multiple datasets standardizedly collected from 1991 older French community-dwelling volunteers ≥ 65 years in 2009–2012. Hypovitaminosis D was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ≤ 50 nmol/L. CHAID analysis retained 5 clinical profiles of older community-dwellers with different risks of hypovitaminosis D up to 87.3%, based on various combinations of the following characteristics: polymorbidity, obesity, sadness and gait disorders. For instance, the probability of hypovitaminosis D was 1.42-fold higher [95CI: 1.27–1.59] for those with polymorbidity and gait disorders compared to those with no polymorbidity, no obesity and no sadness. In conclusion, these easily-recordable measures may be used in clinical routine to identify older community-dwellers for whom vitamin D supplementation should be initiated.

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