The Indirect Effect of Electoral Rules on Citizens’ Satisfaction with Democracy: A Comparative Study

Consensual-pluralistic institutional features of representative democracies have traditionally been associated with satisfaction with democracy (SWD). However, more recent studies report contradictory results on the effects of some of these institutional determinants on SWD. This article confirms these puzzling findings by showing that electoral proportionality increases SWD while other pluralistic factors such as government fractionalization produce the opposite effect. We illustrate this duality of counteracting effects by expanding the number of cases under study to different regions of the world in a comprehensive time-series cross-sectional sample of 58 democracies between 1990 and 2012. In the second part of the paper, we are able to reconfirm these findings at the individual level by employing survey data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems.

Download Full-text

Indirect Effect of Smoking on Liver Function: A Comparative Study among Iraqi Students in Baghdad City

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development ◽

10.5958/0976-5506.2018.01944.7 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 805

Author(s):

Falah S. Al-Fartusie ◽

Hassanain K. Al-Bairmani ◽

Emad M. Eltayef ◽

Ahmed H Yousif

Keyword(s):

Liver Function ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Indirect Effect

Download Full-text

EFFECT OF INFORMAL NETWORKS ON ENTERPRISE TRANSITION IN ELDORET, KENYA

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i12.2017.526 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (12) ◽

pp. 392-400

Author(s):

Zakayo Kibet Tallam ◽

Benard Nasiuma

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Hypothesis Testing ◽

Survey Research ◽

Indirect Effect ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Research Data ◽

Informal Networks ◽

Public Networks ◽

The Relationship

Despite the wide application of Informal Networking, there is still limited understanding on the phenomenon in enterprise continuum. This study analysed a comparative study on Informal networks and Enterprise transition: Case of Eldoret, in Kenya. The study was informed by Reeg’s onion model, it adopted a post-positivism research. Data was adopted from a thesis, where it was collected using questionnaires. A survey research design was employed. Multiple regressions were used to measure: Effects and strength of the relationship. AMOS was used for: Modeling, Likelihood approval, Nested and Hypothesis testing. The p < = 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Findings indicate: an average of KMO = 0.80. Entrepreneurial drivers on informal networks, had a negative influence; Informal networks had a positive influence on enterprise transition; public networks on enterprise transition had a negative influence; informal networks, public networks and private networks enters the model, all the results are significant , indirect effect of public networks and private networks was supportive.

Download Full-text

Electoral Systems and Citizen-Elite Ideological Congruence

The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258658.013.11 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 212-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matt Golder ◽

Benjamin Ferland

Keyword(s):

Indirect Effect ◽

Electoral Systems ◽

Party Systems ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

Future Research ◽

Policy Outcomes ◽

Electoral Rules ◽

Substantive Representation ◽

Citizen Preferences ◽

Ideological Congruence

Electoral rules play an important role in determining citizen-elite ideological congruence. This is because they influence each stage of the representation process as one moves from citizen preferences to policy outcomes. Electoral rules directly affect ideological congruence due to the way they shape citizen preferences and the composition of party systems, legislatures, and governments. Electoral rules can also have an indirect effect on ideological congruence through the incentives they create for elite responsiveness and their impact on descriptive representation. In addition to reviewing the existing literature, this chapter suggests new avenues for future research. In particular, it suggests that significant gains can be made by addressing ideological congruence and responsiveness in a unified theoretical framework and by having more interaction between scholars of ideological congruence and those interested in descriptive and substantive representation.

Download Full-text

MINDING THE GAP BETWEEN EXPECTATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS OF DEMOCRACY

E-Legis - Revista Eletrônica do Programa de Pós-Graduação da Câmara dos Deputados ◽

10.51206/e-legis.v18i18.263 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (18) ◽

pp. 7-32

Author(s):

Todd Donovan ◽

Jeffrey Karp

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

European Social Survey ◽

Democratic Legitimacy ◽

Electoral Rules ◽

Social Survey ◽

Satisfaction With Democracy ◽

Country Level ◽

Electoral Reforms ◽

Democratic Performance ◽

Using Data

Studies of perceptions of democratic performance and satisfaction with democracy may over estimate effects of electoral rules on attitudes if country-level corruption and income inequality are not accounted for. We use mixed-level models to estimate evaluations of democracy using data from Wave 6 of the European Social Survey. We use new measures of democratic expectations about elections and party systems along with the 'satisfaction with democracy' item to test for effects of electoral rules on perceptions of democracy. We replicate previous studies and find multipartyism and preferential ballot structure correspond with positive evaluations of elections and parties, and greater satisfaction with how democracy is functioning in a person's country. However, these relationships dissipate when we account for corruption and income inequality. This suggests we should exercise caution when linking electoral systems and electoral reforms to democratic legitimacy and perceptions of democratic performance.

Download Full-text