scholarly journals Synthesis of palm oil based polymeric ester through cationic addition polymerisation method

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Yan Irawan ◽  
Ika Juliana ◽  
Emil Budianto
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Polymeric Surfactant ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
Distribution Type

In this study, the synthesis of palm oil-based polymeric ester for application as a polymeric surfactant was carried out by a cationic addition polymerisation method through two steps. The initial step is a synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters oleate (FAMEO) through esterification reaction between oleic acid and methanol. The optimum conditions of the esterification reaction were carried out at a temperature of 70–80oC for 4 hours with the addition of 1wt% sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The molar ratio between oleic acid and methanol was 1:3. FAMEO was analysed using GCMS to determine the methyl ester content. The second step is the polymerisation of FAMEO. The polymerisation reaction of FAMEO was carried out at 120, 140, and 160oC with 1wt%, 3wt% and 5wt% of boron trifluoride dihydrate as a catalyst and an initiator of polymerisation reaction for 4 to 24 hours of reaction. The reaction conversion of the product was 66%. The polymeric ester was analysed H-NMR. Meanwhile, the molecular weight of that product was 1714 g/mol which analysed using GPC and the PDI was 1.12346 or equal to 1.12. It means that the polymerisation technique was controlled or living polymerisation, which indicates that the distribution type of this product was narrow monodisperse.

Treatment of acidic palm oil for fatty acid methyl esters production

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeeb Hayyan ◽  
Farouq Mjalli ◽  
Mohamed Mirghani ◽  
Mohd Hashim ◽  
Maan Hayyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Stage Process

AbstractAcidic crude palm oil (ACPO) produced from palm oil mills with an acid value of 18 mg g−1 was considered to be a possible feedstock for biodiesel production. Due to its high acidity, conventional transesterification cannot be applied directly for biodiesel production. Methane sulphonic acid (MSA, CH3SO3H) is used to reduce the acidity prior to the alkaline transesterification reaction. The laboratory-scale experiments involved an MSA to ACPO dosage of 0.25–3.5 %, a molar ratio (methanol to ACPO) from 4: 1 to 20: 1, reaction temperature of 40–80°C, reaction time of 3–150 min, and stirrer speed of 100–500 min−1. The optimum esterification reaction conditions were 1 % of catalyst to ACPO, with a molar ratio of methanol to ACPO of 8: 1, a stirring speed of 300 min−1, for 30 min and at 60°C. Under these conditions, the FFA content was reduced from 18 mg g−1 to less than 1 mg g−1 and with a yield of 96 %. The biodiesel produced met the EN14214 standard specifications. MSA was recycled for three times without losing its activity. The biodiesel produced in a two-stage process has a low acid value (0.14 mg g−1).

PEMBUATAN SURFAKTAN DARI ASAM OLEAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Puguh Setyopratomo ◽  
Edy Purwanto ◽  
H. Yefrico ◽  
H. Yefrico
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
Glycerol Mono

The synthesis of glycerol mono oleic from oleic acid and glycerol is classified as an esterification reaction. This research is aimed to study the influent of reaction temperature and catalyst concentration on reaction conversion. During the experiment the temperature of reaction mixture was varied as 110 oC, 130 oC, and 150 oC, while the catalyst concentration of 1%, 3 %, and 5% was used. The batch experiment was conducted in a glass reactor equipped with termometer, agitator, and reflux condensor. The oleic acid – glycerol mol ratio of 1 : 2 was used as a mixture feed. To maintain the reaction temperature at certain level, the oil bath was used. After the temperature of reaction mixture was reached the expected value, then H2SO4 catalyst was added to the reactor.  To measure the extent of the reaction, every 30 minutes the sample was drawn out from the reactor vessel. The sample analysis include acid number, density, and viscosity measurement. From this research the optimum condition which is the temperature of reaction of 150 oC and 1% catalyst concentration was obtained. At this optimum condition the convertion reach 86% and the analysis of other physical properties of the product show the acid number of 24.12, the density of 0.922 g/cc, and the viscosity of 118.4 cp.

scholarly journals ESTERIFICATION OF FATTY ACID FROM PALM OIL WASTE (SLUDGE OIL) BY USING ALUM CATALYST

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamrin Usman ◽  
Lucy Ariany ◽  
Winda Rahmalia ◽  
Romi Advant
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Refraction Index ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Yield ◽  
Reactant Ratio ◽  
Waste Sludge ◽  
Optimal Reaction ◽  
Product Viscosity

Esterification of fatty acids from palm oil waste (sludge oil) as biodiesel liquid base has been done by using alum [Al2(SO4)3.14H2O] catalyst. Some reaction variables like reaction time, catalyst quantity, and molar ratio of sample-reactant was applied for optimal reaction. Yield of 94.66% was obtained at reaction condition 65 °C, 5 h, sample-reactant ratio 1:20, and catalyst quantity 3% (w/w). GC-MS analysis request showed that composition of methyl esters biodiesel are methyl caproic (0.67%), methyl lauric (0.21%), methyl miristic (1.96%), methyl palmitic (49.52%), methyl oleic (41.51%), and methyl stearic (6.13%). Physical properties of synthesized product (viscosity, refraction index and density) are similar with those of commercial product.   Keywords: alum, biodiesel, esterification, sludge oil

scholarly journals Evaluation of dolomite as catalyst in the transesterification reaction using palm oil (RBD)

DYNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (209) ◽  
pp. 180-187
Author(s):  
Stephanie Alexa Ñústez Castaño ◽  
Duvan Oswaldo Villamizar Castro ◽  
Edgar Mauricio Vargas Solano
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rbd Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Ester Content

In this study, the catalytic activity of dolomite was evaluated for the transesterification of Colombian RBD palm oil with methanol, carried out in a batch reactor at 333,15K and 600rpm. The activated dolomites (calcined at 1073.15K for 2h) were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Hammett indicators method, and quantification of the surface area, average pore size and average pore volume BET. The influence of reaction variables such as catalyst amount (%wt /wt) and methanol / palm oil molar ratio (mole/mole) was investigated. Under the suitable reaction conditions, the amount of calcined dolomite equal to 4% (wt /wt) based on the weight of oil, the methanol-oil molar ratio equal to 9:1, and the reaction time = 1h, the methyl ester content of 82.67% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) can be achieved.

Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Superplasticizer with a Multi-Arm Structure

2015 ◽  
Vol 815 ◽  
pp. 594-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Zi Ming Wang ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Ming Zhao ◽  
Yun Sheng Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
The Self ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Polyhydric Alcohols ◽  
Esterification Rate ◽  
And Performance

A novel superplasticizer with a multi-arm structure, i.e., a “core” connected with multiple copolymer “arms”, was synthesized through two steps including an esterification reaction between polyhydric alcohols and acrylic acid and a copolymerization reaction in an aqueous solution among the esterification product, isobutenyl polyethylene glycol and acrylic acid. The reaction conditions were determined, and the results showed that the esterification rate can reach above 95% with a water-carrying agent of 70g, a catalyst/alcohol molar ratio of 0.07, an inhibitor/monomer molar ratio of 0.03, and a reaction time of 7 hrs. The reaction products were characterized by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It is confirmed to be the multi-arm structure, and the self-synthesized superplasticizer with a multi-arm structure exhibited higher energy efficiency, which was in accordance with its excellent paste fluidity performances and adsorption behavior in cement paste

A Novel Route for Conversion of Free Fatty Acids in Acidic Oils to Methyl Esters by In-Situ Hydrolysis of Methyl Acetate

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaya Lakshmi Ch ◽  
Uday Bhaskar R.V.S ◽  
Viswanath Kotra ◽  
Satyavathi Bankupalli
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Higher Alcohol

Biodiesel from clean oils is comparatively easier than production from crude and non-edible oils. To achieve maximum yield of biodiesel, a two stage process is adopted in which non-edible oils are used as feed-stock: an acid catalyzed esterification of free fatty acids followed by base catalyzed transesterification. Presence of water formed during esterification reaction is detrimental to a viable transesterification process. In the present work, an alternate method for removal of water by in situ hydrolysis reaction of methyl acetate is introduced. The dehydration using methyl acetate during esterification has yielded good results as the soap formed during transesterification was minimal. The results indicated high conversion of triglycerides to methyl ester for lower oil to methanol ratio and at a lower temperature. For 1:3 molar ratio of oil to methanol, the conversion obtained was less than 90 percent and is equivalent to conversions with higher alcohol ratios during esterification in the absence of methyl acetate. These results are indicative of the fact that use of methyl acetate reduces the alcohol to oil ratio without affecting the conversions. Moreover, higher conversions are possible at lower temperatures in the presence of methyl acetate. It is further observed that the oils that are subjected to free fatty acid conversions in the presence of methyl acetate record very little soap formation during the transesterification reactions, thereby resulting in higher grade of biodiesel.

scholarly journals Study of Soybean Oil Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase and Its Application to Biodiesel Production via Hydroesterification

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa d'Avila Cavalcanti-Oliveira ◽  
Priscila Rufino da Silva ◽  
Alessandra Peçanha Ramos ◽  
Donato Alexandre Gomes Aranda ◽  
Denise Maria Guimarães Freire
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus Lipase ◽  
Niobic Acid

The process of biodiesel production by the hydroesterification route that is proposed here involves a first step consisting of triacylglyceride hydrolysis catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL 100L) to generate free fatty acids (FFAs). This step is followed by esterification of the FFAs with alcohol, catalyzed by niobic acid in pellets or without a catalyst. The best result for the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis was obtained under reaction conditions of 50% (v/v) soybean oil and 2.3% (v/v) lipase (25 U/mL of reaction medium) in distilled water and at 60∘C; an 89% conversion rate to FFAs was obtained after 48 hours of reaction. For the esterification reaction, the best result was with an FFA/methanol molar ratio of 1:3, niobic acid catalyst at a concentration of 20% (w/w FFA), and 200∘C, which yielded 92% conversion of FFAs to soy methyl esters after 1 hour of reaction. This study is exceptional because both the hydrolysis and the esterification use a simple reaction medium with high substrate concentrations.

scholarly journals Functionalization and Chemical Modification of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate with Carboxylic Acid

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1135-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Nasirtabrizi ◽  
L. Zargin ◽  
S. Khodabandlou ◽  
S. Rostamzadeh Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Addition Reaction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Ft Ir

Free radical polymerization of the resulting monomers methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), methylacrylate (MA) and ethylacrylate (EA) with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) (in 1:1 mole ratio) were carried out using azobis(isoboutyronitrile) (AIBN) as initiator at the temperature ranges 60-70°C. The modification of polymers were carried out by 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid (9-ACA) via the esterification reaction between —OH of poly(HEMA) and —COOH of 9-ACA, in presence of N,N′-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide (DCC), 4-(dimethylamino) pyridine (DMAP) and N,N-dimethyl formamid (DMF). It was found that the molar ratio acid/alcohol/catalysts= 0.02: 0.02: 0.02 and 0.002, optimal for preparation of the ester. As demonstrated by FT-IR,1H-NMR and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The Tg value of methacrylate and acrylate copolymers containing 9-ACA groups was found to increase with incorporation of 9-ACA groups in polymer structures. The presence of 9-ACA groups in the polymer side chains created new polymers with novel modified properties that find some applications in polymer industry. These anthracenic factors could take part in cyclo addition reaction with other factors such as anhydrides and kinons.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA CURCAS OIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-281
Author(s):  
María Fernanda Laborde ◽  
Laura Ivana Orifici ◽  
José Alberto Bandoni ◽  
Medardo Serna Gonzalez ◽  
José María Ponce Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Integrated Process ◽  
Energy Integration ◽  
Jatropha Curcas Oil ◽  
Utility Cost

In this paper was assessed the potential of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil. The proposed process was simulated in the software Aspen Plus™ involving the stages of trans-esterification reaction, methanol recovering, purification of the obtained methyl esters, catalyst removing, purifying of glycerol and the energy integration through heat exchange networks (HEN). The biodiesel process was carried out through the catalytic reaction of transesterification of Jatropha oil with methanol using a molar ratio of methanol oil of 6:1, and with 1% w/w of NaOH (related to oil mass) as catalyst. Under these conditions, it is technologically feasible to carry out the production of biodiesel. With energy integration through the synthesis of HENs, reductions of 100% and 41.3% of hot and cold utilities were achieved. This way, the utility cost decreases 70.92%. The net present value (NPV) for the integrated process was 70.64% higher than the one corresponding to the non-integrated process under the same production conditions.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽  
Fei-Ling Pua ◽  
Ee-Sann Tan
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Magnetic Catalyst ◽  
Rsm Optimization

Biomass, renewable, abundantly available and a good source of energy. The conversion of biomass waste into valuable products has received wide attention. In this study, an empty fruit bunch (oil palm EFB) supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction was successfully prepared via the one-step impregnation process. The new magnetic catalyst achieved a higher surface area of 188.87 m2/g with a total acidity of 2.4 mmol/g and identified iron oxide as g-Fe2O3. The magnetization value of 24.97 emu/g demonstrated that the superparamagnetic catalyst could be easily recovered and separated after the reaction using an external magnet. The catalytic performance of oil palm EFB supported magnetic acid catalyst was examined by esterification of oleic acid. Esterification process parameters were optimized via Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimization tool with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The following optimum parameters were determined: an amount of 9 wt% catalyst, molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid of 12:1, reaction time of 2 h and reaction temperature of 60 °C with a maximum conversion of 94.91% was achieved. The catalyst can be recycled up to five cycles with minimal loss in its activity. The oil palm waste-based magnetic acid catalyst indicates its potential replacement to the existing solid catalysts that are economical and environmentally friendly for the esterification process in biofuel applications. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

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