scholarly journals Risk as Challenge: A Dual System Stochastic Model for Binary Choice Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Samuel Shye ◽  
Ido Haber
Keyword(s):  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Reflection Effect ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Decision Under Risk ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
Made In

Challenge Theory (CT) is a new approach to decision under risk that departs significantly from expected utility and is based firmly on psychological, rather than economic, assumptions. The paper demonstrates that a purely cognitive-psychological paradigm for decision under risk can yield excellent predictions, comparable to those attained by more complex economic or psychological models that remain attached to conventional economic constructs and assumptions. The study presents a new model for predicting the popularity of choices made in binary risk problems.A CT-based regression model is tested on data gathered from 126 respondents who indicated their preferences with respect to 44 choice problems. Results support CT's central hypothesis, strongly associating between the Challenge Index (CI) attributable to every binary risk problem, and the observed popularity of the bold prospect in that problem (with r=-0.92 and r=-0.93 for gains and for losses, respectively). The novelty of the CT perspective as a new paradigm is illuminated by its simple, single-index (CI) representation of psychological effects proposed by Prospect Theory for describing choice behavior (certainty effect, reflection effect, overweighting small probabilities and loss aversion).

scholarly journals Risk as Challenge: A Dual System Stochastic Model for Binary Choice Behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Shye ◽  
Ido Haber
Keyword(s):  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Reflection Effect ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Decision Under Risk ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
Made In

Challenge Theory (CT) is a new approach to decision under risk that departs significantly from expected utility, and is based firmly on psychological, rather than economic, assumptions. The paper demonstrates that a purely cognitive-psychological paradigm for decision under risk can yield excellent predictions, comparable to those attained by more complex economic or psychological models that remain attached to conventional economic constructs and assumptions. The study presents a new model for predicting the popularity of choices made in binary risk problems.A CT-based regression model is tested on data gathered from 126 respondents who indicated their preferences with respect to 44 choice problems. Results support CT's central hypothesis, strongly associating between the Challenge Index (CI) attributable to every binary risk problem, and the observed popularity of the bold prospect in that problem (with r=-0.92 and r=-0.93 for gains and for losses, respectively). The novelty of the CT perspective as a new paradigm is illuminated by its simple, single-index (CI) representation of psychological effects proposed by Prospect Theory for describing choice behavior (certainty effect, reflection effect, overweighting small probabilities and loss aversion).

Science of Ahangyol and Its Importance for Modern Scientific Thought

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-478
Author(s):  
Ahmad Gashamoglu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Islamic Philosophy ◽  
Scientific Thought ◽  
Religious Books ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Scientific Potential ◽  
Made In

The Article briefly discusses the need for generation of the Science of Ahangyol, and this science’s scientific basis, object and subject, category system, scientific research methods and application options. Ahangyol is a universal science and may be useful in any sphere. It may assist in problem solving in peacemaking process and in many areas such as ecology, economics, politics, culture, management and etc. This science stipulates that any activity and any decision made in the life may only and solely be successful when they comply with harmony principles more, which are the principles of existence and activity of the world. A right strategic approach of the Eastern Philosophy and the Middle Age Islamic Philosophy and scientific thought has an important potential. This strategic approach creates opportunities to also consider irrational factors in addition to rational ones comprehensively in scientific researches. The modern scientific thought contributes to implementation of these opportunities. Ahangyol is a science of determination of ways to achieve harmony in any sphere and of creation of special methods to make progress in these ways through assistance of the modern science. Methods of the System Theory, Mathematics, IT, Astronomy, Physics, Biology, Sociology, Statistics and etc. are more extensively applied. Information is given on some of these methods. Moreover, the Science of Ahangyol, which is a new philosophical worldview and a new paradigm contributes to clarification of metaphysic views considerably and discovery of the scientific potential of religious books.

Loss Aversion in the Housing Market: A New Paradigm

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaohui Li ◽  
Michael Joseph Seiler ◽  
Hua Sun
Keyword(s):  
Housing Market ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
New Paradigm

scholarly journals Reconciling Loss Aversion and Gain Seeking in Judged Emotions

2021 ◽  
pp. 096372142199204
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Mellers ◽  
Siyuan Yin ◽  
Jonathan Z. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Negative Change ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Status ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
Negative Feelings

Is the pain of a loss greater in magnitude than the pleasure of a comparable gain? Studies that compare positive feelings about a gain with negative feelings about a comparable loss have found mixed answers to this question. The pain of a loss can be greater than, less than, or equal to the pleasure of a comparable gain. We offer a new approach to test hedonic loss aversion. This method uses emotional reactions to the reference point, a positive change, and a negative change. When we manipulated the reference point (i.e., pleasurable and painful), two distinct patterns emerged. Pain surpassed pleasure (loss aversion) when the reference point was positive, and pleasure exceeded pain (gain seeking) when the reference point was negative. A reference-dependent version of prospect theory accounts for the results. If the carriers of utility are changes from a reference point—not necessarily the status quo—both loss aversion and gain seeking are predicted. Loss aversion and gain seeking can be reconciled if you take the starting point into account.

Mental health during the Syrian crisis: How Syrians are dealing with the psychological effects

2017 ◽  
Vol 99 (906) ◽  
pp. 927-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazen Hedar
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
Health Situation ◽  
Effects Of War ◽  
Made In

AbstractLooking at the physical damage caused by the Syrian war, one can begin to imagine the scale of the psychological toll that eight years of crisis have taken on the Syrian people. In a country where mental health was still considered an emerging field before the war, Syrians are working to address and manage the mental health and psychological effects of war. Despite this disastrous situation, there appears to have been significant progress in the field of mental health during the crisis. This article explores the mental health situation in Syria prior to 2011, the effects of the crisis on Syrians, and how these have been managed in recent years. It concludes by citing some examples of progress that have been made in mental health care in Syria and discussing some of the challenges that remain to be addressed.

Social and Psychological Effects of Major Craniofacial Deformity

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 578-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Pruzinsky
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Family Factors ◽  
Facial Deformity ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

This paper discusses the social and psychological experiences of patients with the most severe forms of craniofacial deformity. The paper concludes that individuals with the most severe forms of craniofacial deformities are at risk for experiencing social and psychological stress and for having their quality of life negatively impacted by the experience of having a facial deformity. Much of the stress experienced by these individuals is the result of the negative social response to their facial deformity. It is emphasized that many patients will not develop psychopathology, because of intervening personality and family factors that may ameliorate these negative social stressors. The excellent progress made in assessing, preventing, and treating the negative psychosocial impact of facial deformity is noted. Finally, in attempting to understand the impact of facial deformity on quality of life, emphasis is placed on the subjective evaluation of these factors by each individual patient and family.

Compressed wavefield extrapolation

Geophysics ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. SM77-SM93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim T. Lin ◽  
Felix J. Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Compressed Sensing ◽  
Signal Recovery ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Measurement Basis ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Data Volume ◽  
Extrapolation Problem ◽  
Wavefield Extrapolation

An explicit algorithm for the extrapolation of one-way wavefields is proposed that combines recent developments in information theory and theoretical signal processing with the physics of wave propagation. Because of excessive memory requirements, explicit formulations for wave propagation have proven to be a challenge in 3D. By using ideas from compressed sensing, we are able to formulate the (inverse) wavefield extrapolation problem on small subsets of the data volume, thereby reducing the size of the operators. Compressed sensing entails a new paradigm for signal recovery that provides conditions under which signals can be recovered from incomplete samplings by nonlinear recovery methods that promote sparsity of the to-be-recovered signal. According to this theory, signals can be successfully recovered when the measurement basis is incoherent with the representa-tion in which the wavefield is sparse. In this new approach, the eigenfunctions of the Helmholtz operator are recognized as a basis that is incoherent with curvelets that are known to compress seismic wavefields. By casting the wavefield extrapolation problem in this framework, wavefields can be successfully extrapolated in the modal domain, despite evanescent wave modes. The degree to which the wavefield can be recovered depends on the number of missing (evanescent) wavemodes and on the complexity of the wavefield. A proof of principle for the compressed sensing method is given for inverse wavefield extrapolation in 2D, together with a pathway to 3D during which the multiscale and multiangular properties of curvelets, in relation to the Helmholz operator, are exploited. The results show that our method is stable, has reduced dip limitations, and handles evanescent waves in inverse extrapolation.

scholarly journals KIAT-KIAT PEMBERDAYAAN PERPUSTAKAAN SEKOLAH

Edulib ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Euis Rosinar
Keyword(s):  
School Library ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Library Services ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Library Design ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Standing Structure ◽  
Academic Area ◽  
Made In

AbstractA combination of experts’ idea-generating, dignitaries in librarianship, and decision makers’ concerns at the level of Government should have been made capable of realizing libraries as the facilitator of teaching-learnig process with promising outcomes. Bright learners by way of efforts made in terms of an ever enhanced curriculum should have been developing to sophisticated personalities and geared towards humans with qualities. What has gone in practice proves to be swerving to some extent in that some sort of comprehensive model of running library services is due needed: a standing structure built in the middle of the scholl; collections including books, non-books, digital; and truly Librarian (i.e. main manager of the intellectual asset). Any most interesting activities possible need to be created to make library an area of “play” being the goal of a means to accelerating a reading habit especially among children in their early age. The librarian’s new paradigm should manage to penetrate the academic area of teachers in order that their collaboration with the teaching staff gives the chance to the library’s functioning in an optimal way.Keywords: School library, school library design, school library activities ABSTRAKPerpaduan rancang-gagas pakar, dignitary kepustakawanan, dan decision makers pada tataran Pemerintah seharusnya telah mewujudkan perpustakaan sebagai fasilitas proses belajar-mengajar yang mumpuni. Pembelajar yang dicerdaskan oleh upaya pencanggihan kurikulum sekolah seyogianya bertumbuh menjadi pribadi yang unggul dan berkembang ke arah insan yang berkualitas. Kenyataan di lapangan saat ini memerlukan suatu model menyeluruh penyelenggaraan perpustakaan: gedung yang berdiri tegap ditengah-tengah sekolah; koleksi buku, non-buku, digital; dan Pustakawan (baca: pengelola utama aset intelektual) seutuhnya. Kegiatan-kegiatan menarik harus dikreasikan untuk menjadikan perpustakaan sebagai area “bermain” yang dimaksudkan sebagai ajang penumbuhan minat baca terutama pembelajar usia dini. Paradigma baru Pustakawan selayaknya merambah ke wilayah akademik pengajar agar kolaborasinya kelak berimbas pada berfungsinya perpustakaan secara optimal.Kata kunci: Perpustakaan sekolah, tata ruang perpustakaan sekolah, kegiatan perpustakaan sekolah

scholarly journals Molecular Hybridization as a Tool in the Design of Multi-target Directed Drug Candidates for Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 348-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Silva Gontijo ◽  
Flávia P. Dias Viegas ◽  
Cindy Juliet Cristancho Ortiz ◽  
Matheus de Freitas Silva ◽  
Caio Miranda Damasio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Molecular Hybridization ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Biological Targets ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Biochemical Pathways

Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDs) are progressive multifactorial neurological pathologies related to neuronal impairment and functional loss from different brain regions. Currently, no effective treatments are available for any NDs, and this lack of efficacy has been attributed to the multitude of interconnected factors involved in their pathophysiology. In the last two decades, a new approach for the rational design of new drug candidates, also called multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) strategy, has emerged and has been used in the design and for the development of a variety of hybrid compounds capable to act simultaneously in diverse biological targets. Based on the polypharmacology concept, this new paradigm has been thought as a more secure and effective way for modulating concomitantly two or more biochemical pathways responsible for the onset and progress of NDs, trying to overcome low therapeutical effectiveness. As a complement to our previous review article (Curr. Med. Chem. 2007, 14 (17), 1829-1852. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986707781058805), herein we aimed to cover the period from 2008 to 2019 and highlight the most recent advances of the exploitation of Molecular Hybridization (MH) as a tool in the rational design of innovative multifunctional drug candidate prototypes for the treatment of NDs, specially focused on AD, PD, HD and ALS.

scholarly journals New paradigm for nuclear data evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 11001
Author(s):  
M. Herman ◽  
D.A. Brown ◽  
M.B. Chadwick ◽  
W. Haeck ◽  
T. Kawano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reaction ◽  
Error Compensation ◽  
Nuclear Data ◽  
Covariance Matrices ◽  
Data Evaluation ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Reaction Data ◽  
Cross Correlations

A new paradigm for nuclear reaction data evaluations is proposed to produce adjusted libraries that take into account integral experiments on the same footing as the differential ones. These evaluations will provide comprehensive covariance matrices including cross-correlations among different materials/reactions that are critical for realistic propagation of data uncertainties to integral quantities. The new approach should also reduce error compensation issues and facilitate updating of the library to account for new or corrected experiments and advances in reaction modeling.

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