scholarly journals Business Combinations of Czech Companies: Empirical Analysis of Their Typology

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Pospíšil ◽  
Hana Vomáčková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Business Combinations ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
Statistical Sample

This paper is a descriptive study which analyses company transformations - a subset of M&A - which took place in the Czech Republic in 2013. Based on the statistical sample containing detail data of 115 transformations, we analysed important aspects of company transformations (M&A) such as ownership structure of the participating companies, deployment of the effective date, acquisition date, balance-sheet date, date of registration and transformation project date, utilization of available forms of company transformations, utilization of financial statements for transformation purposes and incidence of fair-value revaluation. The results of the research shows, that majority of company transformations are in fact corporate holdings reorganisations rather than business combinations as defined by IFRS 3 and it also suggests that the rules for accounting for these transactions are in fact misused for distribution of earnings (even unrealized earnings) through the corporate holdings. We have also identified cases of severe distortion of faithful representation of successor’s company financial position, most often as a result of retrospective company transformations, where the effective day of the merger was put before the date of acquisition of the majority on target’s equity.

scholarly journals Impacts of Newly Acquired Items Within Business Combinations on the Items of the Financial Statements

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Gláserová
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
International Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Reporting Standards ◽  
Business Combinations ◽  
Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Time Point

This paper is focused on the operations with the company (business combinations). These are those operations that are associated with the formation or dissolution of companies or reorganization of their ownership structure. They are often referred as equity transactions. In the concept of Czech accounting legislation, these are the purchase, sale, investment (deposit) of firms or their parts, and various forms of transformation of enterprises. There are analyzed the accounting practices of recording of these issues under the Czech accounting legislation and International Financial Reporting Standards. Consequently there are identified newly acquired assets and liabilities arising directly in connection with the business combinations. In the conclusion of this paper there are examined the effects of different reporting of newly acquired items in the context of business combinations according to Czech accounting legislation and in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards on the significant items of balance sheet and profit and loss statement from the material and time point of view.

scholarly journals Comparison of Financial Reporting in the Visegrad Four Countries in a Global Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 02039
Author(s):  
Enikő Lőrinczová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
National Accounting ◽  
Eu Directive

Research background: The Visegrad Four (V4) countries are the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland. As members of EU they had to incorporate into their national legal accounting framework the European Directives related to annual accounts, valid at the time, where various choices were possible to adopt. Some principles of the international financial reporting standards IFRS also affected the national accounting frameworks more or less, depending on the country. These various influences may affect the external user´s ability to read the published financial statements and compare them. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to compare the relevant national legal framework of accounting in selected areas and the content of financial statements required in the V4 countries and to point out the influence of the chosen presentation of some financial information on selected indicators of financial analysis. Methods: Methods of description, analysis, comparison and synthesis are used to achieve the set aims of the paper. The financial analysis is demonstrated on an illustrative example of reported financial information which is based on the different national accounting legislation. Findings & Value added: The comparison showed some similarities and differences. The main differences amongst the V4 countries are related to the reporting of leased assets and the variation of own production and work-in-progress. Czech Republic does not report the leased assets in the balance sheet of the user of the asset but in the owner´s while the Slovak republic, Hungary and Poland report the asset in the user´s balance sheet which is in accordance with the international accounting standards IFRS (in case of Poland it depends on the lease contract). The Czech Republic reports the changes in own production and capitalization of own work as part of expenses which is in line with IFRS. The Slovak Republic, Hungary and Poland report these items as part of revenues which is in line with the EU Directive but in contrast with IFRS. Also, the Slovak republic and Poland have definitions of the elements of financial statements in their accounting legislation while the Czech Republic and Hungary do not have these definitions. These differences influence the results of ROA, ROE and cost efficiency when comparing the same situation in these countries as it is evidenced on the illustrative example in the paper.

scholarly journals LABOUR MARKET REFORM: GENERAL TRENDS, EXISTING CHALLENGES, DIRECTIONS OF ADVISORY SUPPORT

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Yuriy Bakun ◽  
Mykhaylo Ksenofontov ◽  
Lyudmyla Dudnik
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
The Real ◽  
Historical Cost ◽  
Current Accounting ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
The Difference

Introduction. The article describes the concept of valuation of assets, liabilities and capital, as well as the presentation of the information received in the accounting and financial statements. Methods. Methods of structural and logical analysis, comparison and generalization of requirements of national and international accounting standards and current legislation are used in this article. Results. The economic content of the assessment of objects at the reporting date as an important methodological tool of accounting is in-depth. The principal difference between the fundamental principle of accounting - monetary valuation and evaluation as a procedure performed for the purpose of obtaining the real (fair) value of the property of the enterprise as of the reporting date is set out. The expediency of using historical value in current accounting and fair value is substantiated - when the information about the property of the enterprise in the financial statements is displayed. It has been proved that the assessment as one of the fundamental principles of accounting and assessment as a procedure that is carried out in order to obtain the real (fair) value of the property, liabilities and capital of the enterprise as of the reporting date should be distinguished. The expediency of using historical value in current accounting and fair value has been substantiated - when the information about the property of the enterprise in the financial statements is displayed. The assessment has been designated as the principle of accounting and as a procedure performed to establish the fair (fair) value of the property, liabilities and capital of the enterprise at the reporting date. To do this, the balance sheet proposes to reflect the results of their accounting for historical cost, and in the statement of financial position present information about the financial position, taking into account the fair value of assets, liabilities and equity as of the reporting date. Discussion. The difference between the indicators of these reports is recommended to be presented in the notes, accordingly, it will provide interested parties with reliable information about the financial position and will give reasons to recognize the extent to which the revalued methods of revaluation of assets, liabilities, capital and management effectiveness are used. Keywords: accounting, assessment, financial reporting, accounting principles, fair value, accounting procedure.

scholarly journals Analysis of mergers in Czech agriculture companies

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 441-448
Author(s):  
E. Hýblová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Company Size ◽  
Company Performance ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Financial Position

Agriculture represents a significant part of the national economy. It secures production of food and influences many related processing industries. Although the volume of agricultural production and its proportion in the gross domestic product has been decreasing, there is a huge interest in increasing the performance of agriculture companies. One of the ways to enhance the company performance, to gain new markets or to achieve cost savings is a merger. Mergers are not very usual in the field of agriculture currently – their proportion in the total number of mergers in the Czech Republic in 2001–2013 was 3.07%. The aim of this paper is to analyse mergers in the field of agriculture. The analysis focuses on the consequences of mergers from the perspective of changes in the financial position and the company performance in the year before the merger and three years after the merger. The analysis proved that the company size (measured by the balance sheet total) decreased as a consequence of mergers and their performance increased.  

scholarly journals CONCEPT OF ASSESSMENT OF ACCOUNTING OBJECTS AND THE INFORMATION DISPLAY IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Sofiia Kafka ◽  
Larysa Halyuk ◽  
Olga Stepanyuk ◽  
Yuriy Chuchuk
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Information Display ◽  
The Real ◽  
Current Accounting ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
The Difference

Introduction. The article describes the concept of valuation of assets, liabilities and capital, as well as the presentation of the information received in the accounting and financial statements. Methods. Methods of structural and logical analysis, comparison and generalization of requirements of national and international accounting standards and current legislation are used in this article. Results. The economic content of the assessment of objects at the reporting date as an important methodological tool of accounting is in-depth. The principal difference between the fundamental principle of accounting - monetary valuation and evaluation as a procedure performed for the purpose of obtaining the real (fair) value of the property of the enterprise as of the reporting date is set out. The expediency of using historical value in current accounting and fair value is substantiated - when the information about the property of the enterprise in the financial statements is displayed. It has been proved that the assessment as one of the fundamental principles of accounting and assessment as a procedure that is carried out in order to obtain the real (fair) value of the property, liabilities and capital of the enterprise as of the reporting date should be distinguished. The expediency of using historical value in current accounting and fair value has been substantiated - when the information about the property of the enterprise in the financial statements is displayed. The assessment has been designated as the principle of accounting and as a procedure performed to establish the fair (fair) value of the property, liabilities and capital of the enterprise at the reporting date. To do this, the balance sheet proposes to reflect the results of their accounting for historical cost, and in the statement of financial position present information about the financial position, taking into account the fair value of assets, liabilities and equity as of the reporting date. Discussion. The difference between the indicators of these reports is recommended to be presented in the notes, accordingly, it will provide interested parties with reliable information about the financial position and will give reasons to recognize the extent to which the revalued methods of revaluation of assets, liabilities, capital and management effectiveness are used. Keywords: accounting, assessment, financial reporting, accounting principles, fair value, accounting procedure.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENERAPAN PRINSIP PENYAJIAN DAN PENGUNGKAPAN STANDAR AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN INDONESIA TENTANG KOMBINASI BISNIS PADA LAPORAN KEUANGAN PT TELEKOMUNIKASI INONESIA (PERSERO) TBK PERIODE 2012-2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-45
Author(s):  
Siti Maimunah
Keyword(s):  
Intangible Assets ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Business Combinations ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
Business Combination

Presentation of the value of intangible assets recorded on the financial statements of PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero) Tbk, there is the value of goodwill should be presented separately to intangible assets. Presentation of goodwill which is not separated from intangible assets to become a problem for the users of financial statements to understand the content of those statements. This study aims to determine how the process of business combinations on the PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. The study uses secondary data from annual reports and financial statements of the period of 2012 through 2014, and primary data in the form of a questionnaire as a proponent of the theory applied by the researchers so that research will be measurable and objective. The results of this study indicate that goodwill is initially measured at cost, being the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the value that is recognized by the non-controlling interest and goodwill are presented in the statement of the position of non-current assets kuangan section. PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero) Tbk in the presentation of its financial statements as a whole in accordance with the standards set, but in the activities of the business combination of PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero) has not been fully in accordance with IAS 22 revised 2010 from the acquisition resulted in goodwill activities. Goodwill should have been presented in the consolidated statement of financial position on the part of non-current assets separately to other intangible assets.Keywords: Business combinations, acquisitions, goodwill, fair value.

Convergence and Divergence Regarding Business Combinations

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-91
Author(s):  
Alin Eliodor Tănase ◽  
Traian Ovidiu Calotă ◽  
Gabriela Claudia Oncioiu
Keyword(s):  
Acquisition Cost ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Intangible Asset ◽  
Business Combinations ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Investment Cost ◽  
Net Assets ◽  
Convergence And Divergence ◽  
Legal Entities

The presence of several legal entities within the same group entails the existence of as many independent accountants as there are companies. In accordance with IFRS 3 “business combinations,” the result is goodwill that will be recognized as a non-current intangible asset in the consolidated balance sheet, being subjected annually to the impairment test; insofar as the investment cost is lower than the acquisition cost of the net assets, the negative goodwill will be obtained which will be recognized in the form a profit in the consolidated profit and loss account. In addition, national differences in accounting, taxation, and auditing are the sources of the various problems that arise in the process of controlling subsidiaries and consolidating accounts. This chapter aims to study the convergence and divergence regarding business combinations in the joint business as well as to analyze the managerial controversies that are presented in the conversion of the financial statements.

The Effect of Accounting Manipulation on the Business Performances

2020 ◽  
pp. 168-177
Author(s):  
Ionica Oncioiu ◽  
Cristina Maria Ștefan ◽  
Valentin Radu ◽  
Georgiana Burlacu
Keyword(s):  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
International Level ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Creative Accounting ◽  
New System

The dual nature of creative accounting has been intensely debated since its emergence in the Anglo-Saxon economies. The lack of a common accounting language, different accounting systems at international level, applied in different languages, international legislation harmonized more or less correctly, amidst a turbulent economic environment, left room for multiple interpretations and meanings. This chapter presents the advantages of fair value in manipulating business performances by creative accounting, but there are voices that are challenging this concept because of its volatility and tendency to subjectivism, and also manipulating the models used to evaluate balance-sheet structures or profit and loss account. The results show that fair value was introduced by accounting norms in response to the deterioration of confidence in the financial statements and targets a new system for assessing the entity's assets and liabilities.

scholarly journals Comparison of effects of expansionary monetary policy in the Czech Republic and Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 04006
Author(s):  
Boris Fisera ◽  
Jana Kotlebova
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Open Economies ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Economic Developments

The ongoing process of globalization has affected the way the monetary policy is conducted – and this is especially the case of small open economies, where the economic developments are heavily affected by the developments abroad. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of unconventional monetary policy in two very open economies – Slovakia and the Czech Republic in the post-crisis era – the two rather similar very open economies. We assess the effects of their monetary policies by estimating their impact on the banking sector in both countries. We employ two cointegrating estimators – DOLS and FMOLS, so that we can assess the dynamics of the relationship between the developments of main balance sheet items of the respective central banks and the aggregate bank lending to various sectors of the economy. We do find evidence that unconventional policies of both central banks did lift bank lending – with the effect being stronger in Slovakia and for the QE policies. In both countries, the effect was more pronounced for the bank lending to household sector – specifically on housing related loans. Finally, we do not find evidence that the increasing openness of these two already very open economies affected the transmission of monetary policies into the banking sector.

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