Brokered Bargaining

2018 ◽  
pp. 198-214
Author(s):  
Moeed Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Nuclear Deterrence ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Sociological Literature ◽  
Practical Implications

This chapter reflects on the theoretical and practical implications of the book. It highlights the work’s contribution to the otherwise undertheorized role of third parties in preventing war, its fresh perspectives on the optimism-pessimism debate on nuclear deterrence, and its attention to scholarship on nonnuclear subjects, primarily mediation, unipolarity theory, and sociological literature on “evaluation” by external audiences. The discussion highlights policy recommendations for decision makers in the United States, other third-party states, India, Pakistan, and other potential regional nuclear rivals. It stresses the need for a holistic U.S. policy approach to crises between regional nuclear powers.

The future of maternity wear: Generation Z's expectations of dressing for pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Anne Weigle ◽  
Laura McAndrews
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Longitudinal Approach ◽  
Shopping Experience ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate Generation Z's physical expectations of being pregnant and their outlook for maternity wear shopping.Design/methodology/approachFemales in this cohort (n = 207) participated in an online survey that included questions about perceptions of pregnancy, physical self-concept and forecasted shopping behaviors.FindingsResults indicated that this group is concerned with physical changes of pregnancy and expect to treat each area of the body in a different way. Women's expected physical concerns of pregnancy predict how much they anticipate accentuating their pregnant body. Gen Z anticipates wearing loose maternity garments and they envision a thoughtful, in-store shopping experience for styles that are equally fashionable and comfortable, such as dresses.Research limitations/implicationsThis study should be extended to future generational cohorts like Generation Alpha, along with Gen Z outside of the United States and women in the United States who are non-white. Further studies should take a longitudinal approach to gauge changes in this cohort's expectations as they progress through pregnancy.Practical implicationsThis paper provides maternity wear retail brands and designers a foundation for product development and marketing geared toward this large cohort.Originality/valueThe study is the first to inquire about Gen Z's outlook on pregnancy, specifically their envisioned changes to each body area and the role of maternity garments to fulfill needs and concerns.

The Need to Amend Article 12 of the ICC Statute: Remedying the Effects of Multilateral Treaties upon Third Parties

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-497
Author(s):  
Ilias Bantekas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Member State ◽  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Peacekeeping Missions ◽  
Multilateral Treaties

The rule in the ICC Statute whereby a third party national may be validly surrendered to the jurisdiction of the Court by a member state offends a most fundamental rule of international law, which is moreover of a customary nature. In addition, it causes more conflicts as compared to its purported benefits, given that it constitutes a major stumbling block for the United States and has upset the U.N.'s peacekeeping missions. The rule should therefore be abandoned in order to alleviate these concerns.

4 South Africa: Can U.S. Policies Influence Change?

Worldview ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Robert Conway
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Major Part ◽  
State Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Honest Broker ◽  
The U.S

U.S. policies can play a major part in influencing change in South Africa, but before this can occur there is much faulty thinking to correct. Traditional academic commentary on the matter prescribes for the U.S. the role of honest broker; indeed, the State Department often categorizes its own role in such terms. This is a myth that must be exploded immediately. The United States has too much at stake in the area; it can't pretend to be neutral or play the role of a third party mediator. It is a major partner.

The Kargil Crisis

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-82
Author(s):  
Moeed Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Nuclear Deterrence ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
The Third ◽  
Limited War ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
The Third Party

This chapter examines the 1999 Kargil conflict between India and Pakistan, and establishes that what may otherwise be construed as a classic limited war where major conflict was avoided due to nuclear deterrence was in reality a display of brokered bargaining. This entailed the United States and other major powers ignoring Pakistan’s effort to manipulate the risk of war and its pleas for support to help terminate the crisis while it was in possession of forcibly occupied territory in Indian Kashmir. They deemed Pakistan’s unilateral withdrawal to be the most realistic and efficient way of ensuring crisis termination. India reacted militarily to Pakistan’s provocation but kept its actions limited to retain international goodwill and get the third party to make efforts to ensure Pakistan’s withdrawal. The chapter also analyzes the several risks of escalation introduced due to India’s and Pakistan’s misperceptions of the third party’s outlook toward the crisis.

How does abusive supervision hurt employees? The role of positive psychological capital

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Avey ◽  
Upasna Agarwal ◽  
Jadvir K. Gill
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Abusive Supervision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Psychological Capital ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThe purpose of this research was to understand the mediating role of employee positive psychological capital on the negative relationship between abusive supervision and employee outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe research design consisted of a multi-wave study with a heterogeneous sample of working adults in the United States. Study variables included the independent variable of abusive supervision, the mediating variable of positive psychological capital and the dependent variables of psychological well-being, job satisfaction and general health.FindingsResults from 293 working adults in the United States suggest employee positive psychological capital is an explanatory mechanism as a mediator in the relationship between abusive supervision and outcomes. In other words, abusive supervisors reduce employee psychological capital leading to sub-optimal outcomes.Practical implicationsResults of this study suggest several practical implications, however one is primary. In sum, we found the deleterious effects of abusive supervisors occur through positive psychological capital. While it is often difficult to immediately terminate manager employment for abusive supervision, results here suggest firms can use psychological capital interventions to buffer the negative impact of abusive supervisors.Originality/valueIt is well understood that abusive supervision has a negative impact on employees. However, the underlying mechanisms of how and why this occurs is not well understood. While much research has speculated on why this happens prior to this study, few explanatory mechanisms have been subjected to empirical tests.

scholarly journals Cybergenic Presidential Candidates of Third Parties in the United States: The Analysis of Selected Political Campaigns with the Key Role of New Media

2017 ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Dominika Popielec
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Media ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Contemporary World

This article focuses on selected political campaigns of the Third Parties in the United States. The main purpose of this work is to present how these candidates promote themselves and communicate with voters. Traditional and new media are playing a crucial role in public life during presidential elections. Not only do they inform society but also are a tool of political communication. Voters can get to know a candidate and his/her election program via the media. Journalists are conducting interviews with main candidates, especially the Democrats and Republicans, which are leaders in the polls. But what should the candidates from other parties do? Those who do not appear very often in the mainstream media? How do they gain public support for their ideas? Do we insist on a telegenic president, as William F. Buckley indicated, or a cybergenic president in the contemporary world? Considering the increasing role of the Internet in modern society, these candidates use new new media to promote themselves. Therefore, in this article I will describe the importance of new media, their effectiveness in presidential campaigns and a cybergenic candidate as a standard of modern political communication

scholarly journals CYBER SECURIнTY IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTнANT CONSTIнTUENTS OF THE ENTIRE SYSTEM OF PROTECнTION IN THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINнE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
Irina Maltseva ◽  
Yuliya Chernysh ◽  
Оleksii Cherednichenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Entire System ◽  
The World ◽  
Actual Loss

The scientнific and technoнlogical revoluнtion of the early 21st centurнy has caused profouнnd systemнic transfнormations around the world. First of all, due to the combinнation of advancнes in the field of advancнed informнation and communнication technoнlogies (ICT) with the acquisнitions that have emergeнd from the rapid develoнpment of informнation and telecoнmmunications systemнs (ITS), fundamнentally new global substaнnces have emergeнd - the informнation societнy, as well as the informнation and cybernнetic spaces they have almost unlimiнted potentнial and play a leadinнg role in the economнic and social develoнpment of every countrнy in the world. Howeveнr, due to the unprecнedented prolifнeration of ICTs and ITSs, the world communнity has receivнed not only numeroнus benefiнts, but also a number of probleнms caused by the growinнg vulnerнability of the infospнhere to third-party cybernнetic influeнnces. Therefнore, it is only naturaнl for the need to controнl and furtheнr regulaнte appropнriate relatiнonships, and therefнore for the immediнate creatiнon of a robust cyber securiнty system. Insteaнd, the absencнe of such a system could lead to the loss of politiнcal indepeнndence of any state in the world, since it would involvнe the actual loss of competнition by non-military means and the subordнination of its nationнal intereнsts to the intereнsts of the opposiнng party. As these circumнstances play an importнant role in the geopolнitical competнition of most countrнies in the world recentнly, ensuriнng cybersнecurity and harmonнy in cybersнpace has become a major challeнnge in our informнation age. The articlнe is devoteнd to the study of cybercнrime trends, which is a threat to the informнation securiнty of our countrнy. The place and role of cyber securiнty in the nationнalist securiнty system of the state are highliнghted. The situatнion of the cyber defensнe system in the advancнed countrнies of the world, such as the United States of Americнa and the United Kingdoнm, was detailнed. The main shortcнomings and prospeнcts of instalнling cybersнpace protecнtion have been identiнfied. The use of modern informнation technoнlogies in the state structнures, as well as in the societнy as a whole, makes solvinнg the probleнms of informнation securiнty one of the main ones.

scholarly journals Disordered Punishment: Workaround Technologies of Criminal Records Disclosure and the Rise of a New Penal Entrepreneurialism

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Corda ◽  
Sarah E Lageson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Criminal Record ◽  
Criminal Records ◽  
Record Data ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Private Actors

Abstract The privatization of punishment is a well-established phenomenon in modern criminal justice operations. Less understood are the market and technological forces that have dramatically reshaped the creation and sharing of criminal record data in recent years. Analysing trends in both the United States and Europe, we argue that this massive shift is cause to reconceptualize theories of penal entrepreneurialism to more directly address the role of technology and commercial interests. Criminal records, or proxies for them, are now actively produced and managed by third parties via corporate decision-making processes, rather than government dictating boundaries or outsourcing duties to private actors. This has led to what we term ‘disordered punishment’, imposed unevenly and inconsistently across multiple platforms, increasingly difficult for both government and individuals to control.

Judges and their Audiences

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Baum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
General Public ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternative Conception ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ideological Polarization ◽  
The World ◽  
Elite Influence

In the most widely accepted conception of judges’ relationships with their environments in the United States, influence on judges from the world outside their courts is a result of their strategic efforts to shape the content of legal policy. This chapter presents an alternative conception, one in which judges are influenced by the outside world largely because they care about what other people think of them. This alternative conception of judicial audiences helps to explain why judges sometimes take the general public and the other branches of government into account when they make decisions. It also calls attention to the role of elite groups in shaping the choices of judges, most notably Supreme Court justices. In turn, growing ideological polarization among elites may have changed patterns of elite influence on judges and thus judges’ behavior as decision makers.

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