Death on the Persian Corridor

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-135
Author(s):  
Mikiya Koyagi
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Accident Prevention ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Allied Occupation ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Human Endeavor ◽  
Railway Operations ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Embodied Practice

Using industry publications and American archival documents from the Allied occupation period, chapter 5 focuses mainly on railway accident prevention measures to illustrate that railway operations required a perfect alignment of sociopolitical, technological, and environmental pieces. The material structure of the railway alone was insufficient to achieve the production of safe, speedy, and stable movement of trains. Seeing speed as corruptible through human behavior and perfectible through human endeavor, technocrats of the IRO and the Allied forces tried to contain its danger by reforming the embodied practice of movement among workers. They enacted safety regulations and sought standardization in many realms, specifying mundane physical motions of workers for particular procedures. The chapter also suggests that workers were not passive objects of reform but used their knowledge of the infrastructural system for goals different from those of technocrats.

scholarly journals Work-Related Accident Prevention in Norwegian Road and Maritime Transport: Examining the Influence of Different Sector Rules

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Tor-Olav Nævestad ◽  
Beate Elvebakk ◽  
Karen Ranestad
Keyword(s):  
Safety Management ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Accident Prevention ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
The Road ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Framework Conditions

About 36% of fatal road accidents in Norway involve at least one driver who is “at work”. It has been argued that the implementation of rules clearly defining the responsibility of road transport companies to prevent work related accidents, by implementing safety management systems (SMS), could lead to increased safety. In the present study we tested the validity of this suggestion, by examining the influence of different sector rules on work-related accident prevention in Norwegian road and maritime transport. In contrast to the road sector, the maritime sector has had rules requiring SMS for over 20 years, clearly defining the shipping companies responsibility for prevention of work-related accidents. The aims of the study were to: (1) examine how the different sector rules influence perceptions of whether the responsibility to prevent work-related accidents is clearly defined in each sector; and (2) compare respondents’ perceptions of the quality of their sectors’ efforts to prevent work-related accidents, and factors influencing this. The study was based on a small-scale survey (N = 112) and qualitative interviews with sector experts (N = 17) from companies, authorities, and NGOs in the road and the maritime sectors. Results indicate that respondents in the maritime sector perceive the responsibility to prevent work-related accidents as far more clearly defined, and they rate their sector’s efforts to prevent accidents as higher than respondents in road. Multivariate analyses indicate that this is related to the scope of safety regulations in the sectors studied, controlled for several important framework conditions. Based on the results, we conclude that the implementation of SMS rules focused on transport companies’ responsibility to prevent work-related accidents could improve safety in the road sector. However, due to barriers to SMS implementation in the road sector, we suggest starting with a simplified version of SMS.

scholarly journals Construção de uma cartilha sobre educação no trânsito para adolescentes

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2737
Author(s):  
Luana Passos Lessa ◽  
Renata Kelly dos Santos e Silva ◽  
Gabriela Araújo Rocha ◽  
Jéssica Denise Vieira Leal ◽  
Ana Klisse Silva Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Accident Prevention ◽  
Teaching Material ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Subsequent Phase ◽  
Prevention Method

RESUMOObjetivo: construir uma cartilha educativa para adolescentes sobre prevenção de acidentes de trânsito. Método: trata-se de estudo qualitativo, do tipo metodológico, que se conduziu por fases: iniciou-se com uma revisão narrativa acerca das medidas de prevenção e epidemiologia dos acidentes de trânsito no Brasil e, posteriormente, confecção do texto, layout e imagens do conteúdo proposto na cartilha. Resultados: dividiu-se a cartilha em partes: pedestres, ciclistas, motociclistas e motoristas, sinalização e dicas de trânsito. Para cada componente descreveram-se meios de comportamento no trânsito acompanhados de ilustrações. Conclusão: construiu-se a cartilha que se apresenta como novo material de ensino nas atividades de educação em saúde com foco para a prevenção de acidentes de trânsito. Ressalta-se que em fase subsequente será submetida ao processo de validação de conteúdo e aparência. Descritores: Educação em Saúde; Acidentes de Trânsito; Adolescentes; Saúde Pública; Prevenção de Acidentes; Promoção de Saúde.ABSTRACTObjective: to build an educational booklet for adolescents on traffic accident prevention. Method: this is a qualitative study of the methodological type conducted by phases: initiated by a narrative review about the prevention measures and epidemiology of traffic accidents in Brazil, and later confection of the text, layout, and images of the contents proposed in the booklet. Results: the booklet was divided into parts: pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and drivers, signage and traffic tips. For each component, means of behavior in traffic were described along with illustrations. Conclusion: the booklet was built and a new teaching material in health education activities was shown, focusing on the prevention of traffic accidents. It is emphasized that in the subsequent phase, the booklet will be submitted to the process of validation of content and appearance. Descriptors: Health Education; Traffic Accidents; Adolescent; Public Health; Accident Prevention; Health Promotion.RESUMENObjetivo: construir una cartilla educativa para adolescentes sobre prevención de accidentes de tránsito. Método: estudio cualitativo del tipo metodológico conducido por fases: iniciado por una revisión narrativa acerca de las medidas de prevención y epidemiologia de los accidentes de tránsito en Brasil, y posteriormente confección del texto, layout e imágenes del contenido propuesto en la cartilla. Resultados: la cartilla fue dividida en partes: pedestres, ciclistas, motociclistas y motoristas, señalización y consejos de tránsito. Para cada componente fueron descritos medios de comportamiento en el tránsito acompañados de ilustraciones. Conclusión: la cartilla fue construida y se presenta como nuevo material de enseñanza en las actividades de educación en salud, con enfoque para la prevención de accidentes de tránsito. Se resalta que en fase subsecuente será sometida al proceso de validación de contenido y apariencia.  Descriptores: Educación en Salud; Accidentes de Tránsito; Adolescente; Salud Pública; Prevención de Accidentes; Promoción de la Salud.

scholarly journals The Actual Conditions of Person-to-Object Contact and a Proposal for Prevention Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teruaki Hayashi ◽  
Daisuke Hase ◽  
Hikaru Suenaga ◽  
Yukio Ohsawa
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
General Dynamics ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is currently spreading worldwide, resulting in widespread infections. Although infection control measures for maintaining physical distance between people and decreasing opportunities for close contact are effective, the global infection rate continues to increase. Conversely, data concerning potentially effective countermeasures related to person-to-object contact are sparse. This study focused on human contact behavior with objects and discussed control measures against infection at various locations where contact between people and objects occurs based on the relationship between human behavior and the objects in question. In this study, 1,260 subjects residing in Tokyo and the Kanagawa prefecture, Japan, were surveyed regarding their activities on days when they went outside (between December 3 [Thursday] and December 7 [Monday], 2020) and the objects they touched during this period. The survey results revealed that, depending on the location, the types and numbers of objects that were touched differed, and the respective mean values of contact objects differed significantly. Previous studies have particularly noted the remnants of viruses on doorknobs and toilets; however, the general dynamics of these contact numbers indicated that the percentage of people coming into contact with these objects is small. Although it is impossible to disinfect all objects and spaces, our findings will provide insights into human behavior and contact with objects. These findings are expected to contribute to the prioritization of disinfection during periods of widespread infection.

Biography and Historiography: Mutual Evidentiary and Interdisciplinary Considerations

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert I. Rotberg
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
The Real ◽  
Human Motivation ◽  
Cultural Variables ◽  
Historical Biography ◽  
Human Endeavor ◽  
Perceived Constraints

Biography is history, depends on history, and strengthens and enriches history. In turn, all history is biography. History could hardly exist without biographical insights—without the texture of human endeavor that emanates from a full appreciation of human motivation, the real or perceived constraints on human action, and exogenous influences on human behavior. Social forces are important, but they act on and through individuals. Structural and cultural variables are important, but individuals pull the levers of structure and act within or against cultural norms. The success of historical biography as a craft ultimately turns on the nature of its evidence and the interdisciplinary methodologies that it can bring to bear on its subject.

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