The Sultan’s Communists: An Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Alma Rachel Heckman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Jewish Studies ◽  
Nation State ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
The Future ◽  
National Liberation Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Colonialism

The introduction presents the main interventions and arguments of the book in the overlapping fields of Jewish Studies, Middle Eastern Studies, Maghrib Studies, and the history of global Communism. It depicts how the precolonial paradigm of Jews as representatives of the sultan, and the sultan as “protector” of the Jews, came under assault in Morocco with the introduction of European colonialism, formalized into French and Spanish Protectorates over Morocco. Across its chapters, the book demonstrates how the precolonial paradigm of “belonging” to the sultan became repurposed for modern Jewish participation in the future independent nation-state of Morocco. Most Jews active in the national liberation movement were members of the Moroccan Communist Party. Across the twentieth century, the book argues that the “Sultan’s Jews” became the “Sultan’s Communists,” demonstrating Moroccan Jewish patriotism and the mutually constitutive nature of “Moroccanness” and “Jewishness.”

scholarly journals The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Indonesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Lia G. Korotkova
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
Liberation Movement ◽  
The First World War ◽  
National Liberation Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First World

This article examines a rather extensive period in the history of Indonesia — from the beginning of the rise of the national liberation movement until the coup of September 30, 1965. The primary attention is paid to the formation, development, and crises of the Communist Party of Indonesia (CPI)— one of the leading forces of the national liberation movement in Dutch India. The work highlights the crisis of Dutch colonial rule during the First World War and the gradual radicalization of the protest movement, the formation in 1920 of the Indian Communist Association (CPI since 1924), its opposition to the colonial authorities, as well as interaction and contradictions with other national forces. The reasons for the rapid growth in the popularity of the party in 1925–1927 and the equally rapid decline in the 1930s are explained. The second part of the article is devoted to the activities of the CPI during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia and its place in the political system of independent Indonesia, as well as the position of the party in 1965–1966, the moment of the beginning of repressions against its members and the official ban of the communist organization on March 12, 1966.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Dieter Gosewinkel
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Social Ranking ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bundle Of Rights ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
Development Gap ◽  
Formal Status

The subject of the book is the history of citizenship in its twofold meaning: as a legally defined, formal status of belonging to a (nation) state, i.e. nationality, as well as a bundle of rights and obligations associated with the status of citizenship. The book reveals the transformation of citizenship by examining the connection between its two aspects and the struggles for belonging behind them. Citizenship in this broad sense is examined in its development since the beginning of the twentieth century while concentrating on five key questions: First, to what extent is citizenship a measuring rod for inclusion and exclusion? Second, does the change of politico-social constellations better explain the development of citizenship than idioms of nationhood? Third, does citizenship confirm the thesis of a legal development gap between Western and Eastern Europe? Fourth, how is citizenship in Europe shaped by repercussions of European colonialism? Fifth, how does citizenship serve as a legal tool to establish social ranking of groups, particularly of women and Jews, in European societies?

Politics in North Korea: Pre-Korean War Stage

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong-Sik Lee
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Korean War ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Party Leadership ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Liberation Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History

If one were to believe the official histories written in North Korea during the past few years, political developments in North Korea after 1945 and even the entire history of the Korean Communist movement would seem to have been relatively simple. According to North Korean historians, the new proletariat took over the leadership of the struggle for national liberation after the bourgeois-led March First Movement of 1919 had failed. The Korean Communist Party, first organised in 1925, ceased to operate in 1928 because the sectarians in the Party leadership failed to establish a link with the surging movement of the workers and peasants. The national liberation movement recovered its vigour and direction in the 1930s only because Kim D-song, whose strategy and tactics were the most scientific and most in accord with the principles of Marxism-Leninism, provided leadership. Kim Il-song became the “beacon” of the revolutionary movement, and the Korean People's Revolutionary Army under him fought against the Japanese “shoulder to shoulder with the Soviet Army.”

The Birth of the Prophet Muhammad

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-99
Author(s):  
Frederick S. Colby
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Critical Scholarship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Despite the central importance of festival and devotional piety to premodernMuslims, book-length studies in this field have been relatively rare.Katz’s work, The Birth of the Prophet Muhammad, represents a tour-deforceof critical scholarship that advances the field significantly both throughits engagement with textual sources from the formative period to the presentand through its judicious use of theoretical tools to analyze this material. Asits title suggests, the work strives to explore how Muslims have alternativelypromoted and contested the commemoration of the Prophet’s birth atdifferent points in history, with a particular emphasis on how the devotionalistapproach, which was prominent in the pre-modern era, fell out of favoramong Middle Eastern Sunnis in the late twentieth century. Aimed primarilyat specialists in Middle Eastern and Islamic studies, especially scholarsof history, law, and religion, this work is recommended to anyone interestedin the history of Muslim ritual, the history of devotion to the Prophet, andthe interplay between normative and non-normative forms ofMuslim beliefand practice ...

Situating Tribes in History: Lessons from the Archives and the Social Sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-476
Author(s):  
Nadav Samin
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Official Records

The tribe presents a problem for the historian of the modern Middle East, particularly one interested in personalities, subtleties of culture and society, and other such “useless” things. By and large, tribes did not leave their own written records. The tribal author is a phenomenon of the present or the recent past. There are few twentieth century tribal figures comparable to the urban personalities to whose writings and influence we owe our understanding of the social, intellectual, and political history of the modern Middle East. There is next a larger problem of record keeping to contend with: the almost complete inaccessibility of official records on the postcolonial Middle East. It is no wonder that political scientists and anthropologists are among the best regarded custodians of the region's twentieth century history; they know how to make creative and often eloquent use of drastically limited tools. For many decades, suspicious governments have inhibited historians from carrying out the duties of their vocation. This is one reason why the many rich and original new monographs on Saddam Hussein's Iraq are so important. If tribes are on the margins of the records, and the records themselves are off limits, then one might imagine why modern Middle Eastern tribes are so poorly conceived in the scholarly imagination.

Back to the Future: Modernist Architecture and All That Heaven Allows

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Colonial Revival ◽  
Machine Age ◽  
Living Space ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modernist Architecture ◽  
Domestic Environments ◽  
Cultural Connotations

Since every stage of Ron Kirby and Carey Scott's relationship is marked by alterations in their domestic environments, Chapter 6 ("Back to the Future: Modernist Architecture and All That Heaven Allows") explores some of the conflicting social and cultural connotations that have been encoded into their respective dwellings. For instance, Ron's progressive renovation of the Old Mill recapitulates the history of twentieth-century Modernist architecture in reverse. The final incarnation of this structure evokes Le Corbusier's Machine Age villas of the 1920s rather than Frank Lloyd Wright's more organic mid-century Modernist aesthetic, which dissents from the dominant 1950s American view of the ideal home by suggesting a less materialistic way of life. By contrast, Carey's suburban Colonial Revival residence represents the negation of the freedom from traditional conventions that Ron's living space ultimately implies.

A miner cause?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl Leeworthy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
British State ◽  
Plaid Cymru

If twentieth century politics in Wales has largely been defined by class, and therefore along the typical cleavage of Labour versus Conservative; it is nevertheless true that for a significant proportion of Welsh activists and voters, the cleavage is between nation and union (identifiable with the British state). Closely identified with Plaid Cymru, the Welsh nationalist party, a political manifestation of the Welsh nation was a direct inheritance from nineteenth-century liberalism and its persistence for much of the postwar period was a result of the persistence of that form of politics. But there was an alternative form of left nationalism that emerged through the Communist Party of Great Britain, which this chapter focuses its attention on. Beginning in the 1930s, and spanning almost the entire life of the party thereafter, communists engaged with and developed ideas about nationalism, nationhood and national liberation. This chapter considers the development of these ideas and argues that rather than Plaid Cymru, it was the Communist Party of Great Britain that enabled the persistence of left-nationalist thought and action after 1945 and that it was, to a large extent, communist activists who were the most consistently nationalist in that period.

She Came from Kasaba

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 582-585
Author(s):  
Leslie Hakim-Dowek
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Modal Approach ◽  
History Of

As in Marianne Hirsch’s (2008) notion of ‘devoir de memoire’, this poem-piece, from a new series, uses the role of creation and imagination to strive to ‘re-activate and re-embody’ distant family/historical transcultural spaces and memories within the perspective of a dispersed history of a Middle-Eastern minority, the Sephardi/Jewish community. There is little awareness that Sephardi/Jewish communities were an integral part of the Middle East and North Africa for many centuries before they were driven out of their homes in the second half of the twentieth century. Using a multi-modal approach combining photography and poetry, this photo-poem series has for focus my female lineage. This piece evokes in particular the memory of my grandmother, encapsulating many points in history where persecution and displacement occurred across many social, political and linguistic borders.

scholarly journals Book Review: The Idea of Israel: A History of Power and Knowledge by Ilan Pappe

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Kiani Bismillah
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Liberation Movement ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
National Liberation Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Cultural Tensions

This book review examines The Idea of Israel: A History of Power and Knowledge by Ilan Pappe. As a “new historian” Pappe challenges traditional versions of Israeli history. He illustrates Israel’s creation as a colonial conquest rather than the prevailing national liberation movement. In particular, he examines the role that Zionism has played in shaping dominant political ideology in Israel. Pappe critically evaluates the evolution of Zionism narratives from classical, post-Zionism to neo-Zionism. He successfully illustrates the importance Zionism has played throughout the genesis of Israel by highlighting examples such as the 1947 UN partition resolution, the Holocaust, it’s role in furthering cultural tensions between Israelis and Arabs inhabitants, and presence in the media.

For a Comprehensive History of the Atlantic World or Histories Connected In and Beyond the Atlantic World?

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (02) ◽  
pp. 279-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Vidal
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
Atlantic History ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Atlantic Studies ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
Comprehensive History

This article deals with the field of Atlantic history, which first rose to prominence in North America in the early 1990s. Based on a critical review of two recently published books that reflect this “new” historiographical current, it presents the various debates dividing the Atlanticist community, including the different ways of conceptualizing the Atlantic world, practicing Atlantic history, and envisioning the future of Atlantic studies. It argues that the Atlantic world should remain a simple historical framework instead of becoming the main object of investigation. The goal is thus to write a situated history that, while taking into account all historical actors, focuses on the redefinition and renegotiation of power relationships among individuals, groups, and socio-political formations in this interconnected world born out of European colonialism and imperialism.

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