Intra State Infrastructural Disparity in Maharashtra

Maharashtra is the economically leading state in the country. The state comprises 36 districts that are divided into six revenue divisions. There is a wide disparity in the state at the regional level and among the districts in terms of development. Infrastructure being the important accelerator of economic activities in any region is not balanced in the state. This paper highlights this intra state disparity considering nine broad infrastructural categories. The method of ranking analysis is used for this purpose. It is observed that Pune, Konkan, Nashik and Nagpur are the regions of comparatively good infrastructure development in state whereas Aurangabad and Amravati are the regions of comparatively low level of infrastructure development. At district level most of the districts are falling in the Pune, Konkan, Nashik and Nagpur region but there is a change in ranking position in various districts during 2010 to 2015. The widening gap in infrastructure development in resent past highlights the serious concern of governmental intervention in bridging the development gap in infrastructure and resultant inequalities.

Maps for Gaps: A Geospatial Approach to Estimating Development Gaps in Haiti

This paper presents the results of a development gap analysis for Haiti using a geospatial approach. Gaps are calculated and characterized by means of qualitative and quantitative techniques, including macroeconomic, microeconomic, and geospatial data analyses. The analysis identifies, presents, and discusses 16 sectoral gaps. It is then expanded by overlapping the sectoral gaps to identify possible relations and spillover effects between them. The results suggest that transportation, early childhood education, and crime and insecurity gaps are the most significant in terms of the area and population affected. Results also show that 24 percent of the area of the country and 9.9 percent of Haitians are affected by nine or more overlapping gaps, particularly in the Nord-Ouest, Artibonite, and Centre departments. In terms of the links between sectors, crime and insecurity gaps tend to overlap with gaps in early childhood education and employment opportunities.

Research on the Development Problems and Countermeasures of China's E-commerce Platforms——Taking Taobao as an Example

As the Chinese e-commerce market appears as a leading trend that helps to reduce cost of both consumers and sellers during transactions, decrease the development gap between rural and urban areas, and create job opportunities which lead to increment of employment rate, Taobao becomes one of the largest e- commerce platforms in China for it caters to the needs of small and medium sellers, leaving other similar platforms behind. However, as the retail sales and the number of users skyrockets each year, the obstacles that e-commerce platforms face also become more obvious. Therefore, this research attempts to narrow down things that hinder e-commerce platforms from further expanding and provide viable solutions that e-commerce platforms could try to employ. To collect information about the challenges faced by e-commerce users and the possible solutions, the research focuses on relevant literature reviews and data before and in 2021. The main concerns for the development of e-commerce platforms, specifically for Taobao, are the rating system, fraud transaction, and the logistic services. According to relevant literature, providing a descriptive survey for the rating system, setting up inspection departments, and establishing its own logistic company or creating a ranking system for logistic companies that cooperate with Taobao are all possible solutions that Taobao can refer to. This research tries to identify concerns that e-commerce users generally have for e-commerce platforms that still lack improvement. Through the combination of related articles and creative ideas, it offers hypothetically effective solutions to the challenges that are identified. The research intends to help the Chinese e-commerce market to evolve into the next level and make electronic transactions more pleasant for platform users.

Introduction

The subject of the book is the history of citizenship in its twofold meaning: as a legally defined, formal status of belonging to a (nation) state, i.e. nationality, as well as a bundle of rights and obligations associated with the status of citizenship. The book reveals the transformation of citizenship by examining the connection between its two aspects and the struggles for belonging behind them. Citizenship in this broad sense is examined in its development since the beginning of the twentieth century while concentrating on five key questions: First, to what extent is citizenship a measuring rod for inclusion and exclusion? Second, does the change of politico-social constellations better explain the development of citizenship than idioms of nationhood? Third, does citizenship confirm the thesis of a legal development gap between Western and Eastern Europe? Fourth, how is citizenship in Europe shaped by repercussions of European colonialism? Fifth, how does citizenship serve as a legal tool to establish social ranking of groups, particularly of women and Jews, in European societies?

Regional Disparities of Facility-Based Childbirth in Indonesia

Specifically, the characteristics of regions in Indonesia are unique. The situation is because the division of the region refers to the main islands. The study aims to analyze regional disparities of childbirth services in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the analysis in this study uses raw data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic Health Survey (IDHS). The IDHS used stratification and multistage random sampling. The sample used in this study was 17,769 women aged 15 - 49 years with live births in the last 5 years. The study employed all region (7 regions) in the analysis, and analyzed data using the binary logistic regression test. The result shows national average of the utilization of healthcare facilities for delivery in Indonesia is 72.0 %. The 3 highest-ranking regions were in the Java-Bali region with 89.5 %, Sumatra region 73.5 %, and Kalimantan region 69.1 %. The study shows a significant disparity between all regions than the Papua region, except for Kalimantan and Sulawesi regions. Sumatra region has 1.475 times more possibilities to utilize healthcare facilities for delivery than the Papua region. The Java-Bali region has 3.010 times more potential to use healthcare facilities for delivery than the Papua region. The Nusa Tenggara region has 1.891 times more opportunities to use healthcare facilities for delivery than the Papua region. At the same time, the Maluku region has lower utilization than the Papua region. Maluku region has the possibility of 0.304 times utilizing healthcare facilities for delivery than the Papua region. The study concluded that there were significant disparities between regions in using healthcare facilities for delivery in Indonesia. HIGHLIGHTS Indonesia has made many efforts in shifting labor into health care facilities. However, this increase is still lacking, and in some cases, the community still feels that the health services received are not expected The characteristics of regions in Indonesia are unique. Economic and development movements between regions keep the development gap between areas continuing. Disparity as a result of this development also affects the accessibility of the community to health service facilities The study proved there were disparities between regions in using healthcare facilities for delivery in Indonesia GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Innovative and Sustainable Food Production and Food Consumption Entrepreneurship: A Conceptual Recipe for Delivering Development Success in South Africa

Innovative food production and food consumption entrepreneurship can be viewed as a recipe for delivering sustainable development goals to promote economic, human, and community growth among vulnerable and marginalised communities in South Africa (SA). This study critically analyses the trends and related issues perpetuating the development gap between privileged and marginalised communities in SA. It explores the link between innovative food production and food consumption entrepreneurship and underdevelopment based on sustainable development goals (SDGs). The study also generates a conceptual model designed to bridge the development gap between privileged and marginalised communities in SA. Philosophically, an interpretivism research paradigm based on the socialised interpretation of extant literature is pursued. Consistent with this stance, an inductive approach and qualitative methodological choices are applied using a combination of thematic analysis and grounded theory to generate research data. Grounded theory techniques determine the extent to which the literature review readings are simultaneously pursued, analysed, and conceptualised to generate the conceptual model. Research findings highlight the perpetual inequality in land distribution, economic and employability status, social mobility, gender equity, education, emancipation, empowerment, and quality of life between privileged and marginalised societies in SA. Underdevelopment issues such as poverty, unemployment, hunger, criminal activities, therefore, characterise marginalised communities and are linked to SDGs. Arguably, food production and food consumption entrepreneurship are ideally positioned to address underdevelopment by creating job opportunities, generating income, transforming the economic status, social mobility, and quality of life. Although such entrepreneurship development initiatives in SA are acknowledged, their impact remains insignificant because the interventions are traditionally prescriptive, fragmented, linear, and foreign-driven. A robust, contextualised, integrated, and transformative approach is developed based on the conceptual model designed to create a sustainable, innovative, and digital entrepreneurship development plan that will be executed to yield employment, generate income and address poverty, hunger, gender inequity. To bridge the gap between privileged and marginalised societies. The conceptual model will be used to bridge the perpetual development gap between privileged and marginalised societies. In SA is generated. Recommended future research directions include implementing, testing, and validating the model from a practical perspective through a specific project within selected marginalised communities.

Bridging the Gap: Securitizing Lack of Accessible Education in Indonesia During the Covid-19 Pandemic

The Global South continues to face new threats and challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The debate over health and economy continues and often leaves one aspect out of the equation: education. Especially in Southeast Asia, where regional and domestic disparity still lingers. Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) acknowledged that the development gap remained one of the most crucial issues in the region. Using Wæver and Buzan’s securitization theory and Japanese approach of human security, the article tries to prove why the current state of education should be considered as a new non-traditional security threat and should be securitized by countries in the region. The article will use a qualitative method and hypothesizes that the inability for states to ensure quality education during the pandemic will affect the quality of the states’ human capital. The pandemic forces education institutions to rely on online learning. However, not every student has access towards required facilities such as, internet connection, gadgets, technologies, etc. Students in underdeveloped areas might struggle to participate in online classes, forcing them to be left behind. In the long-run, this will slow down Southeast Asian countries’ progress in tackling the development gap.