scholarly journals Finnish Maritime Archaeology through its Publications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Ilves ◽  
◽  
Marko Marila ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Maritime Archaeology ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
International Visibility ◽  
History Of ◽  
Heritage Discourse

This article analyses Finnish maritime archaeology through a compiled bibliography of 621 scientific and popular works published between 1942–2020. General trends and turning points in the history of the discipline are identified and discussed vis-a-vis temporal and topical foci discerned in the publications. Special attention is drawn to the concentration in Finnish research on shipwrecks from the historical period, and the low international visibility of scientific production is problematised. While large-scale projects have been carried out in Finnish maritime archaeology, knowledge production within the authorised heritage discourse in particular has aimed to fulfil the needs of local and national rather than international audiences. Our compiled bibliography, which is hereby made available to the wider research community, has potential to become a valuable tool for identifying and developing future research areas.

scholarly journals Mesophotic.org: a repository for scientific information on mesophotic ecosystems

Database ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pim Bongaerts ◽  
Gonzalo Perez-Rosales ◽  
Veronica Z Radice ◽  
Gal Eyal ◽  
Andrea Gori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Photosynthetic Organisms ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Reduced Light

Abstract Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) and temperate mesophotic ecosystems (TMEs) occur at depths of roughly 30–150 m depth and are characterized by the presence of photosynthetic organisms despite reduced light availability. Exploration of these ecosystems dates back several decades, but our knowledge remained extremely limited until about a decade ago, when a renewed interest resulted in the establishment of a rapidly growing research community. Here, we present the ‘mesophotic.org’ database, a comprehensive and curated repository of scientific literature on mesophotic ecosystems. Through both manually curated and automatically extracted metadata, the repository facilitates rapid retrieval of available information about particular topics (e.g. taxa or geographic regions), exploration of spatial/temporal trends in research and identification of knowledge gaps. The repository can be queried to comprehensively obtain available data to address large-scale questions and guide future research directions. Overall, the ‘mesophotic.org’ repository provides an independent and open-source platform for the ever-growing research community working on MCEs and TMEs to collate and expedite our understanding of the occurrence, composition and functioning of these ecosystems. Database URL: http://mesophotic.org/

scholarly journals Evapotranspiration Estimation with Small UAVs in Precision Agriculture

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 6427
Author(s):  
Haoyu Niu ◽  
Derek Hollenbeck ◽  
Tiebiao Zhao ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
YangQuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Energy Balance Approach

Estimating evapotranspiration (ET) has been one of the most critical research areas in agriculture because of water scarcity, the growing population, and climate change. The accurate estimation and mapping of ET are necessary for crop water management. Traditionally, researchers use water balance, soil moisture, weighing lysimeters, or an energy balance approach, such as Bowen ratio or eddy covariance towers to estimate ET. However, these ET methods are point-specific or area-weighted measurements and cannot be extended to a large scale. With the advent of satellite technology, remote sensing images became able to provide spatially distributed measurements. However, the spatial resolution of multispectral satellite images is in the range of meters, tens of meters, or hundreds of meters, which is often not enough for crops with clumped canopy structures, such as trees and vines. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can mitigate these spatial and temporal limitations. Lightweight cameras and sensors can be mounted on the UAVs and take high-resolution images. Unlike satellite imagery, the spatial resolution of the UAV images can be at the centimeter-level. UAVs can also fly on-demand, which provides high temporal imagery. In this study, the authors examined different UAV-based approaches of ET estimation at first. Models and algorithms, such as mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration (METRIC), the two-source energy balance (TSEB) model, and machine learning (ML) are analyzed and discussed herein. Second, challenges and opportunities for UAVs in ET estimation are also discussed, such as uncooled thermal camera calibration, UAV image collection, and image processing. Then, the authors share views on ET estimation with UAVs for future research and draw conclusive remarks.

Dimensionality Reduction With Multi-Fold Deep Denoising Autoencoder

2020 ◽  
pp. 154-165
Author(s):  
Pattabiraman V. ◽  
Parvathi R.
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Curse Of Dimensionality ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Computational Power ◽  
Nonlinear Methods ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Natural Data

Natural data erupting directly out of various data sources, such as text, image, video, audio, and sensor data, comes with an inherent property of having very large dimensions or features of the data. While these features add richness and perspectives to the data, due to sparsity associated with them, it adds to the computational complexity while learning, unable to visualize and interpret them, thus requiring large scale computational power to make insights out of it. This is famously called “curse of dimensionality.” This chapter discusses the methods by which curse of dimensionality is cured using conventional methods and analyzes its performance for given complex datasets. It also discusses the advantages of nonlinear methods over linear methods and neural networks, which could be a better approach when compared to other nonlinear methods. It also discusses future research areas such as application of deep learning techniques, which can be applied as a cure for this curse.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Ethnic Stacking: Military Defection during Uprisings in Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Morency-Laflamme ◽  
Theodore McLauchlin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Group Loyalty ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Does ethnic stacking in the armed forces help prevent military defection? Recent research, particularly in Africa and the Middle East, suggests so; by favoring in-groups, regimes can keep in-group soldiers loyal. In-group loyalty comes at the cost of antagonizing members of out-groups, but many regimes gladly run that risk. In this research note, we provide the first large-scale evidence on the impact of ethnic stacking on the incidence of military defection during uprisings from below, using data on fifty-seven popular uprisings in Africa since formal independence. We find clear evidence for the downside: ethnic stacking is associated with more frequent defection if out-group members are still dominant in the armed forces. We find more limited support for the hypothesized payoff. Ethnic stacking may reduce the risk of defection, but only in regimes without a recent history of coup attempts. Future research should therefore trace the solidification of ethnic stacking over time.

Affective Images of Tourism Destinations

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyhmus Baloglu ◽  
David Brinberg
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Space Structure ◽  
Destination Image ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Tourism Destination ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Tourism Destinations

The destination image and positioning studies in tourism have been limited to those dealing with the image's perceptual or cognitive component. This study examined the applicability of Russel and his colleagues' proposed affective space structure to large-scale environments (i.e., tourism destination countries) as well as its potential as a positioning structure to study affective images of tourism destinations. The multidimensional scaling analysis of 11 Mediterranean countries along with proposed affective space structure indicated that Russel and his colleagues' proposed affective space can also be applied to places that are not perceived directly. It also showed potential for studying the affective image positioning of tourism destinations. The article concludes with some theoretical and practical implications and future research areas regarding tourism destination images.

scholarly journals Biogeography and ecology: towards the integration of two disciplines

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1576) ◽  
pp. 2438-2448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Ricklefs ◽  
David G. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

Although ecology and biogeography had common origins in the natural history of the nineteenth century, they diverged substantially during the early twentieth century as ecology became increasingly hypothesis-driven and experimental. This mechanistic focus narrowed ecology's purview to local scales of time and space, and mostly excluded large-scale phenomena and historical explanations. In parallel, biogeography became more analytical with the acceptance of plate tectonics and the development of phylogenetic systematics, and began to pay more attention to ecological factors that influence large-scale distributions. This trend towards unification exposed problems with terms such as ‘community’ and ‘niche,’ in part because ecologists began to view ecological communities as open systems within the contexts of history and geography. The papers in this issue represent biogeographic and ecological perspectives and address the general themes of (i) the niche, (ii) comparative ecology and macroecology, (iii) community assembly, and (iv) diversity. The integration of ecology and biogeography clearly is a natural undertaking that is based on evolutionary biology, has developed its own momentum, and which promises novel, synthetic approaches to investigating ecological systems and their variation over the surface of the Earth. We offer suggestions on future research directions at the intersection of biogeography and ecology.

scholarly journals Shiken: Past and future

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
David Allen
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
English Language ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Entrance Exams ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Language Tests ◽  
History Of ◽  
Design And Methods

This article presents a history of Shiken since it was first published in 1997 until 2019, followed by suggestions for areas of future research in assessment to which the publication may be well suited to contribute. In the historical overview, data is presented about the following: the origins, titles, editors, and distribution; the article types; the contents of research articles and the design and methodologies they have employed. Regarding research article content, four prominent themes were identified: mass market tests, entrance exams, statistics, and validity/reliability. Regarding design and methods, research articles have tended to focus on English language tests with university students in Japan, while utilizing test and/or instrument data and quantitative methods of analysis. Recommendations for future research areas include investigations into the validity of test interpretations and uses of four-skills, vocabulary and other tests used in Japan, and language assessment literacy. Recommendations for future research design and methods include focusing more on a range of test stakeholders; various contexts, such as pre-tertiary education; and the use of qualitative and mixed methods.

Beyond the Big Five: Extinctions as Experiments in the History of Life

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 249-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowan Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Extinction Events

The past century has witnessed a number of significant breakthroughs in the study of extinction in the fossil record, from the discovery of a bolide impact as the probable cause of the end-Cretaceous (K/T) mass extinction to the designation of the “Big 5” mass extinction events. Here, I summarize the major themes that have emerged from the past thirty years of extinction research and highlight a number of promising directions for future research. These directions explore a central theme—the evolutionary consequences of extinction— and focus on three broad research areas: the effects of selectivity, the importance of recovery intervals, and the influence of spatial patterns. Examples of topics explored include the role that trait variation plays in survivorship, the comparative effects of extinctions of varying magnitudes on evolutionary patterns, the re-establishment of macroevolutionary patterns in the aftermath of extinction, and the extent to which spatial autocorrelation affects extinction patterns. These topics can be approached by viewing extinctions as repeated natural experiments in the history of life and developing hypotheses to explicitly test across multiple events. Exploring the effects of extinction also requires an interdisciplinary approach, applying evolutionary, ecological, geochronological, geochemical, tectonic, and paleoclimatic tools to both extinction and recovery intervals.

scholarly journals Assessing and Improving the Coverage of a Strategic Research Agenda: A Design Theory Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2785-2794
Author(s):  
Estelle Rémondeau ◽  
Patrick Cogez ◽  
Pascal Le Masson ◽  
Benoît Weil
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Design Theory ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Strategic Research ◽  
Research Areas

AbstractStrategic Research Agendas (SRA) bring to the research community a prospective and collective vision of a sector and are intended to provide directions for future research efforts. However, some promising innovative areas are not always foreseen in those documents, which raises the question of the relevance and adequacy of their coverage. While engineering design is often considered to translate SRA guidelines into product development, we believe it can also be of great help regarding the design of an SRA. In this paper, we will first address how to assess the scope of an SRA through a framework based on C-K theory, before exploring how to extend it, if need be. To answer those questions, we will examine a high-quality roadmap: the Electronic Components and Systems Strategic Research Agenda (ECS SRA). Our resulting method will provide us the means to assess SRA coverage and to ensure that interesting research areas are not forgotten unintentionally, in order to allow to a further enrichment of the document if needed.

A multi-perspective approach to knowledge production

Kybernetes ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 1412-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Seaman
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Technological Concepts ◽  
Brain Sciences ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss a Multi-perspective approach to knowledge production in terms of a set of cybernetic concepts relevant to the approach; to describe a software system that computationally embodies the approach; and to articulate a research project that pragmatically employs the approach. Design/methodology/approach – A definition is provided. The paper uses a survey methodology, exploring relevant cybernetic and contemporary technological concepts. An operational software mechanism (The Insight Engine) is discussed that enables the bridging of transdisciplinary concepts by a user in the service of accretive research –Recombinant Informatics. Findings – Many cybernetic concepts are relevant to contemporary research into cognition and Neosentience research. More study needs to be undertaken related to historical BCL projects in terms of articulating relevance to contemporary research. Research limitations/implications – Future research seeks to extend the computational functionality of “The insight engine”, as well as uncover relevant BCL/cybernetic materials. Practical implications – The software is unique in the field and already there is interest in its use by differing research communities including the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, and at Stanford, research under Ian Hodder. Social implications – The Insight Engine has potential to be used as a multi-perspective tool for many different fields enabling different forms of distributed, transdisciplinary team-based research. Originality/value – This text is valuable to researchers interested in new forms of interface, augmentation of thought and learning via computational approaches; and the development of bridges between novel research areas, including contemporary, historical BCL, and other cybernetic inquiry.

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