Mechanics and Physics of Brittle to Ductile Transitions in Fracture1

2000 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Argon
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Atomic Level ◽  
World War ◽  
Alloy Development ◽  
Brittle To Ductile Transition ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Macroscopic Fracture ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Bifurcation Behavior

The mechanisms of brittle-to-ductile transition of fracture in intrinsically brittle crystalline solids such as structural steel have been of great technological interest for a long time. While much useful phenomenology on this important bifurcation behavior has evolved through material testing and alloy development throughout the period following the large scale fractures in Liberty ships during and after World War II, fundamental mechanistic understanding has been lacking until recent times. Over the past decade or so, a renewed level of interest has resulted in a number of fundamental studies of both experimental nature and modeling of crack-tip response which demonstrated a remarkable connection of atomic level processes at tips of cleavage cracks and the macroscopic fracture transitions. These mechanistic connections have not only gone a long way in providing basic rationale for some of the successful empirical practices in alloy design and microstructure control, but clear the way for further advances based on basic atomic level processes governing crystal plasticity. Here we give an overview of some recent developments in this area emanating from our own researches.

scholarly journals The Importance of the Collection of Oskar Kolberg for Contemporary Choreological Studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Tomasz Nowak
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
World War ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
Extensive Documentation ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Point Of Departure

Abstract The mainstream fields of Polish dance research were defined in 1818–1847 by Józef Elsner, Kazimierz Brodziński, Łukasz Gołębiowski and Karol Czerniawski, who broadly characterized some elements of the dances considered as national (the polonaise, mazur, krakowiak and kozak). Oskar Kolberg knew very well the works of all these authors and referred to them many times. However, he was unique in his extensive documentation of dance melodies, information about their geographic origin, and local terminology. He also characterized the dances with regard to their sequence in the traditional context and described the dance technique in an instructive manner. Oskar Kolberg’s documentation for quite a long time remained outside the scope of mainstream research and publications about dance in Poland. In the 1930s Polish representatives of the newly defined field of ethnochoreology were the first to include examples from Kolberg in their works on the ritual dances, regional dances and characteristic dance behaviour types and forms. Kolberg’s works increased in popularity after the World War II. Today the materials left by Oskar Kolberg allow us to establish to a large extent the geographic range and perspective on the changes of dance repertoire, both with regard to choreographic technique and dance types, or a more detailed and critical perspective on the problems of folk terminology in dance phenomena. It may also serve as the point of departure for wider retrospective or comparative studies – which may not be very fashionable today, but which have never been adequately conducted in Poland.

scholarly journals POLE-TOPS OF CHMYREVA MOHYLA BARROW

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-321
Author(s):  
Z. H. Popandopulo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
World War ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
River Region ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

In 1977 on the site of famous burial mound Chmyrеva Mohyla located on the northern outskirts of Velyka Bilozerka village of Zaporizhzhia region three bronze pole-tops with images of gryphons were found by local people on the plowed field. There is no evidence whether other artifacts have been found. Luckily nearby in Gunovka village the expedition of Institute of Archaeology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was working under the leadership of Yu. V. Boltryk who got the founded artifacts and then sent them to Zaporizhzhia regional museum of local lore, history and economy. The history of excavations of Chmyrеva Mohyla numbers more than a century. They were started by F. A. Braun in 1898, M. I. Veselovskiy (1909—1910) continued the excavations and Yu. V. Boltryk in 1994 completed them. The burial mound has not been excavated in full because of various reasons. The destiny of finds from this barrow was tragic. A lot of artifacts among them silver vessels from the hiding-place which was revealed by M. I. Veselovskiy were lost during the World War II when the collections of Kharkiv historic museum were evacuated. Scythian bronze pole-tops as one of the most interesting categories of artifacts for a long time attracted attention of scholar world. They were classified by types and date, their significance in funeral ceremony and everyday life was searched for. The questions still remain. In this article we tried to put into scholar circulation a scanty type of pole-tops with the image of pacing gryphon on the pear-shaped little bell which is characteristic only for Steppe Dnieper river region. For today only eight of them are known and most of them are originated from of the burial mounds of high Scythian aristocracy: Tovsta Mohyla, Haimanova Mohyla, Chmyrova Mohyla. Chronologically they are slightly differed from other pole-tops both with the image of deer on pear-shaped little bells from Tovsta Mohyla, and with the image of deer on flat cone bushes from Haimanova Mohyla. The question about the place of production of such pole-tops is still opened. Probably just these types of pole-tops could be produced in one workshop but not all known variety of objects as V. A. Ilinska thought. One of the problems to be solved by researchers is searching for such workshops. But if these objects have been moulded by wax models the task becomes more complicated.

scholarly journals MARTYR AL-ALAMA HAJ ALI MEKKI, A MARCH OF KNOWLEDGE AND JIHAD

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (08) ◽  
pp. 193-213
Author(s):  
Hayat MEKKI
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Field ◽  
Firing Squad ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Revolution

He learned in the corner of the children of Sheikh Boudaoud (Daoud Al-Din) , ‎then moved to the corner of Sheikh Bin Ali Al-Sharif in Jabal Akbu, then he ‎moved to the corner of Sheikh Muhammad Abu Al-Qasim (Al-Hamil) to ‎study jurisprudence and monotheism and obtained a Certificate of principals in ‎jurisprudence and monotheism, especially the obligatory duties, then he ‎worked as an employee in the children's house of Sidi Sheikh Bin Al-Nazir ‎‎(Positively). He also worked as a teacher for a long time and called for building ‎schools and built some of them with his own money. He moved in many parts ‎of the country, performed the Hajj pilgrimage in 1935 AD, and during his ‎travels, he became acquainted with scholars. Evacuated like the leader Husseini, he was influenced by Imam Abdul Hamid ‎bin Badis and his case, he was exposed to several harassment by the colonial ‎authorities during World War II because of his activities in the Association of ‎Scholars Muslims and his land was confiscated and he was prevented from ‎practicing his activity, until the glorious liberation revolution broke out in ‎which he participated in it with all his might, despite his advanced age, he was ‎imprisoned in 1955 AD, and was martyred on April 24, 1959 AD by firing ‎squad.‎ Shot with his brothers the 74 martyrs in the battle of Kingfisher Mansoura. He ‎left one son and six daughters. The researcher who wrote the article is the ‎granddaughter of the martyr Allama to his eldest daughter, Lalla Barakam, born ‎in 1926 in Mansoura, Wilayat of Bordj Bou Arreridj, may God have mercy on ‎him, may his soul rest in peace, his immaculate body is buried in his hometown ‎in the village of Ahl Al-Hamra district of Mansoura. He also left in the cultural ‎field a rich library and manuscripts in Islamic jurisprudence and ordinances‎‎‎. Keywords: Hajj Ali Makki, Martyrs of the Revolution, March of Science and Jihad

scholarly journals Population, and its social and religious composition in Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions on the eve of the Axis aggression against the USSR (according to the censuses of the USSR in 1937 and 1939)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
Natalya S. Maiorova
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Policy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Level ◽  
Anxiety And Fear

The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of population censuses conducted in the USSR in 1937 and 1939, in relation to Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions. The research is based on census materials that had been classified for a long time and published only in the 1990s. Of all the various aspects of the censuses, the author's attention was focused on only three – population, its social structure, and religious composition. Based on the results of the censuses, conclusions are drawn about the prevalence of women in the region, both in rural areas and in cities. It was women who, in the conditions of World War II, became the strong rear, on whose shoulders the front was supported by food, uniforms, and weapons. The urban population was greater in Ivanovo Region, which was explained by its characteristic high rates of industrialisation. The 1937 census recorded a fairly high level of religiosity, despite the largely anti-religious policy that had been carried out for almost 20 years. The war led to an increase in religiosity, probably because often only faith could become the core around which daily life was built, full of deprivation, anxiety and fear for loved ones.

scholarly journals Field Experiments in Class Size from the Early Twentieth Century

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonah Rockoff
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Mixed Messages

A vast majority of adults believe that class size reductions are a good way to improve the quality of public schools. Reviews of the research literature, on the other hand, have provided mixed messages on the degree to which class size matters for student achievement. Here I will discuss a substantial, but overlooked, body of experimental work on class size that developed prior to World War II. These field experiments did not have the benefit of modern econometrics, and only a few were done on a reasonably large scale. However, they often used careful empirical designs, and the collective magnitude of this body of work is considerable. Moreover, this research produced little evidence to suggest that students learn more in smaller classes, which stands in contrast to some, though not all, of the most recent work by economists. In this essay, I provide an overview of the scope and breadth of the field experiments in class size conducted prior to World War II, the motivations behind them, and how their experimental designs were crafted to deal with perceived sources of bias. I discuss how one might interpret the findings of these early experimental results alongside more recent research.

Synthesis and Useful Reactions of Organosilicon Polymeric Precursors for Ceramics

1991 ◽  
Vol 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmar Seyferth ◽  
Carsten Strohmann ◽  
Henry J. Tracy ◽  
Jennifer L. Robison
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Repeat Unit ◽  
Organometallic Polymers ◽  
Inorganic Polymers ◽  
World War ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Polymer Backbone ◽  
Polymeric Systems ◽  
Macromolecular Systems ◽  
Long Time

Inorganic and organometallic polymers are macromolecular systems in which the polymer backbone contains elements other than the carbon, oxygen and nitrogen usually found in organic polymers [1]. To take as an example silicon-containing polymers, in the silicones the polymer backbone is composed of the Si-O repeat unit; in polysilazanes, of the Si-N unit; in polysilmethylenes, of the Si-C unit. In the polysilanes there are only silicon atoms in the polymer backbone. Many of the other metalloids and metals among the elements in the Periodic Table have been or, in principle, can be incorporated into polymeric systems, so it is clear that the field of inorganic and organometallic polymers is a very large one. Inorganic and organometallic polymers have been of interest to chemists for a long time. It was the commercial development of the silicones in the 1940's that gave this field of research its modem impetus [2]. Once it was appreciated how useful these versatile organosilicon polymers could be, chemists became interested in the possibility of developing other organometallic (and also inorganic) polymers, ones that might complement or even surpass the silicones as far as useful applications were concerned. Research on inorganic and organometallic polymers became very active in the 1950's and 1960's. Work in this area became an international effort, prompted by the need for new materials that would meet the exacting demands of the jet age that had effectively commenced around the end of World War II. Even greater demands, in terms of materials that would still be useful under extreme conditions, came with the space age.

Physician uncertainty, specialty ideology, and a second opinion prior to tonsillectomy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 952-952
Author(s):  
John E. Wennberg
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Second Opinion ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
World War ◽  
Physician Uncertainty

For half a century, the tonsil has been the target of a large-scale, uncontrolled surgical experiment-tonsillectomy. In the fourth and fifth decades of this century, well over 50% of children appear to have undergone the procedure; since World War II, opinion has swung away from mass use and by 1973 about 25% of children appear to have been affected. Pediatricians have been the weathermen in the change of clinical climate, pressing for reduction in use of tonsillectomy in their journal articles. Among a sample of California physicians, the offspring of pediatricians underwent fewer tonsillectomies than the children of other types of physicians.

Stranded Modernity

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daishiro Nomiya
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developmental Pattern ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Nation States

High modernity claims that the modernity project gave rise to institutional organs of modern nation states, culminating in an emergence of ultra-military states with wartime economy in the early twentieth century. It also argues that the same developmental pattern continued to dominate in the post-World War II period. This chapter examines this high-modernity thesis, employing Japan and Hiroshima as cases to be analyzed. Against the high-modernity thesis, many believe that Japan had a historical disjuncture in 1945, being ultramilitary before the end of World War II and a peaceful nation after. Examinations show that, while the modernity project controlled a large-scale historical process in Japan, it met vehement resistance, and became stranded in Hiroshima.

scholarly journals A brief history of wood use and forest management in Alaska

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tricia L. Wurtz ◽  
Anthony F. Gasbarro
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Interest ◽  
National Forests ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gold Miners ◽  
Commercial Forest

The Native peoples of Alaska used wood for fuel, for the construction of shelters, and for a variety of implements. Explorers, fur traders, gold miners, and settlers also relied on Alaska's forest resource. The early 20th century saw the creation of the Tongass and Chugach National Forests in coastal Alaska, where large-scale harvesting began shortly after World War II. By 1955, two 50-year contracts had been signed, committing 13 billion board feet of sawlogs and pulpwood. The commercial forest land base in Alaska has been dramatically reduced by a variety of legislative acts, including the Statehood Act of 1959 and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980. Key words: forest history, Alaska, aboriginal use of forests, fuelwood, stemwheeled riverboats, gold mining, land classification, National Forests, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act

Anthropometric Resources vs. Civilian Needs

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 600-600
Author(s):  
John T. McConville
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
World War ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Military Populations ◽  
Wide Assortment ◽  
Size Data

For several decades after World War II, the only comprehensive source of body size data was that of large-scale anthropometric surveys of military personnel. While the range of most dimensions measured on military populations, both male and female, are comparable to those found in the overall U.S. population, self-selection or body size criteria dictated by particular jobs often result in considerable physical variability among occupational groups, a phenomenon which has been amply borne out by surveys of such diverse populations as law enforcement officers and airline stewardess trainees. It has become clear in the civilian sector that “all-purpose” body size data are often misleading and inadequate and that designers of clothing, equipment and workspaces are increasingly faced with the need for a wide assortment of differentiated data to meet many specialized needs. Resources will be explored and solutions suggested.

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