scholarly journals Engineering Spelled Out

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (11) ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Henry Petroski
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Alphabetical Order ◽  
Greek Culture ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Writing Standards ◽  
Military Engineering

This article presents an alphabetical order as a type of abecedary of brief essays on concepts and practices that are central to mechanical engineering. Codes and Standards is one of the topics, which highlights that the development of standards is generally identified as a sign of professionalism, in which voluntary committee efforts go toward writing standards that are adopted widely. The Mechanical Engineering essay explains that with the rise of specialization, civil engineers focused on alignment, grades, roadbeds, and bridges, and mechanical engineers on locomotives and rolling stock. The development of such divergent interests led to the feeling that the civil engineering societies that initially encompassed all of non-military engineering could not satisfy an increasingly diverse membership. Hence, new and more specialized societies began to be established in the middle of the nineteenth century. The Symbols of Engineering essay explains that the legal profession is symbolized on many a courthouse façade by a representation of blindfolded Justice holding a pair of scales—and sometimes a sword in her other hand—an image that also has roots in Greek culture.

A SHORT HISTORY OF PALEONTOLOGY IN TURKEY, PART I: FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY TO THE COLLAPSE OF OTTOMAN TURKEY

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-201
Author(s):  
VOLKAN SARIGÜL
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Stratigraphic Analysis ◽  
Coal Beds ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Natural History Collection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ottoman Turkey ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Military Engineering

ABSTRACT Modern paleontology in Turkey appeared in the early nineteenth century, together with the first modern geological studies. The fossils collected in these studies were initially used to establish biostratigraphy and to make the first geological maps of the country. Paleontologists were involved in these studies from the beginning; the earliest identifications of new animal and plant taxa from Turkey occurred in the same century along with the detailed descriptions of the rich and diverse Turkish fossil record. Aside from the academic studies, some paleontologists also took part in the economic side by contributing to stratigraphic analysis of coal beds or participating in petroleum exploration. All these pioneering works on the geology and paleontology of Turkey were done by foreigners; however, the outcomes of this newly introduced science were quickly appreciated by Ottoman Turkey. During the middle of the nineteenth century, the first text mentioning geological processes was written by the head scholar of the Imperial School of Military Engineering, while the first geology classes began to be taught under the Imperial Medical School in Istanbul, in which the first natural history collection was also established. Unfortunately, not a single original study in paleontology was produced by Ottoman citizens, with the notable exception of an Austrian immigrant of Hungarian descent, possibly because of a lack of a real interest in earth sciences.

scholarly journals Spór między saintsimonistami a furierystami o własność ziemi w kolonialnej Algierii w XIX wieku

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 113-130
Author(s):  
Kamil Popowicz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Ownership Of Land

In the nineteenth century, the French utopian socialists, Saint-Simonians and Fourierists, developed different concepts of the colonisation of Africa. These concepts collided in Algeria. The Saint-Simonians were impressed by the Arab system of the tribal ownership of land. They wanted to preserve it and ultimately bring the two peoples, the Arabs and the French, together in the spirit of a commune. On the other hand, the Fourierists wanted to expropriate Arabs from their land and hand it over to the French colonists so that they could build new economic communities of a phalanstery type. This article presents the theoretical disputes between the two schools and also describes the actual practical consequences of these disputes for the French colonial politics.

scholarly journals A Reconsideration on the Theory of Beauty: Previous Views and a New Approach Following Maslow's Theory (Part II)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iulia-Adina Lehene
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Human Motivation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Concept Of Beauty

This paper is the second part of a work that aims to rethink the concept of beauty as close as possible to its essence and in a way that integrates the science of aesthetics with the field of construction. Within other theoretical and practical works, this study may be further used to physically reflect the definition of beauty in areas such as architecture, civil engineering or urban planning and support professionals in designing and building beautiful objects and constructions. However, it has to be added that the assumption that there must be a particular original aspect related to beauty that leads a human-made object to success, needs to be further identified. The approach to the concept of beauty is through a general philosophical perspective and partially through the areas mentioned above.The second part of the study includes the synthesised guidance provided by Monroe Beardsley through the theories on beauty from the nineteenth century until today. In addition, it comprises the scheme of concepts that characterised the beautiful in this time, including the lines that guided its study, previous ideas that support our later views on presented theory, and a brief exposition of Maslow's theory of human motivation followed by our theory on beauty and the conclusions.

Marx, Central Planning, and Utopian Socialism

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Scott Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Central Planning ◽  
Capitalist Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
Socialist Society ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
Utopian Socialism

Marx believed that what most clearly distinguished him and Engels from the nineteenth-century French socialists was that their version (or vision) of socialism was “scientific” while the latters' was Utopian. What he intended by this contrast is roughly the following: French socialists such as Proudhon and Fourier constructed elaborate visions of a future socialist society without an adequate understanding of existing capitalist society. For Marx, on the other hand, socialism was not an idea or an ideal to be realized, but a natural outgrowth of the existing capitalist order. Marx's historical materialism is a systematic attempt to discover the laws governing the inner dynamics of capitalism and class societies generally. Although this theory issues in a prediction of the ultimate triumph of socialism, it is a commonplace that Marx had little to say about the details of post-capitalist society. Nevertheless, some of its features can be discerned from his critical analysis of capitalism and what its replacement entails.

Conclusion: Democracy and Terror

Sans-Culottes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sonenscher
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Popular Politics ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
High Politics

This chapter discusses how the very particular setting in which the emergence of the sans-culottes in their now familiar guise occurred goes some way towards explaining why the mixture of descriptive and causal claims built into the old master concepts of class or sovereignty of French Revolutionary historiography have never been able to provide much of an explanation of either its content or course, at least without the more complicated assumptions supplied by an assortment of nineteenth-century philosophies of history. Reconstructing that setting, on the other hand, does go some way towards explaining what led to the fusion between high politics and popular politics that occurred in France in the winter of 1791–2.

Outsiders: Integration and Rejection

2021 ◽  
pp. 186-196
Author(s):  
Mario C. D. Paganini
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Greek Culture ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ptolemaic Egypt ◽  
Role Of Women

This chapter focuses on the treatment of outsiders and on the possible procedures for inclusion in the gymnasia of Hellenistic Egypt: attention is devoted in particular to Egyptians, Judaeans, and the possible role of women in gymnasia. The gymnasium was the place for the assertion of specific aspects of Greek identity and those who took part in its life, including visiting guests, were admitted on the understanding that they shared and were willing to perform specific features of Greek culture. It is shown how Egyptians and Judaeans could be welcomed into the gymnasia of Egypt but how they could not and did not advertise or express themselves in them as anything other than ‘Greeks’, adopting or at any rate coming to terms with practices (including nudity) that at times clashed with traditional Egyptian or Judaean values. Women, on the other hand, found no room in the gymnasia of Ptolemaic Egypt: the gymnasium was essentially an institution built by and for men and so it basically remained from the beginning until the end of its days.

The Aesthetic Mediation

2018 ◽  
pp. 143-200
Author(s):  
Richard Viladesau
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Romantic Period ◽  
Popular Piety ◽  
Biblical Scholarship ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Naturalistic Realism

In the visual arts of the Romantic period the crucifixion of Christ often became a representation of the sufferings of humanity. Caspar David Friedrich’s paintings placed the cross in the context of the immensity of nature. Toward the end of the nineteenth century there was an increasing tendency to portray Jesus’ suffering in the genre of naturalistic realism. Some painters consciously attempted to incorporate the findings of modern biblical scholarship, rather than follow traditional models. Early film representations, on the other hand, tended to rely on classical types and popular piety.

scholarly journals Stress concentration and optimal design of pinned connections

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Leergaard Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Stress Concentration ◽  
Stress Concentration Factor ◽  
Concentration Factor ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Three Dimension ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Standard Design ◽  
Connection Type

A pinned connection or lug joint is a common connection type used both in civil engineering and mechanical engineering. In civil engineering, this connection is used for assembling truss members, and in mechanical engineering, this connection type is widely used in machine elements. The standard design is with a circular pin. The stress concentration factor size depends on the tolerances between pin and assembled parts and also by the three-dimensional design. Relatively different maximum stress values are seen depending on the modelling being done in two dimension (with assumptions) or in full three dimension. The focus in the present article is on the two-dimensional design and minimizing the maximum stress. It is shown that not only the contact geometry is important for reducing the stress, the external design is equally important. By finite element analysis including contact modelling, it is shown that reduction in the stress concentration factor of up to 18% is possible.

"Constantly in Motion

Transfers ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Frederike Felcht
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Material World ◽  
Geographical Mobility ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way

In the nineteenth century, a significant change in the modern infrastructures of travel and communications took place. Hans Christian Andersen's (1805-1875) literary career reflected these developments. Social and geographical mobility influenced Andersen's aesthetic strategies and autobiographical concepts of identity. This article traces Andersen's movements toward success and investigates how concepts of identity are related to changes in the material world. The movements of the author and his texts set in motion processes of appropriation: on the one hand, Andersen's texts are evidence of the appropriation of ideas and the way they change by transgressing social spheres. On the other hand, his autobiographies and travelogues reflect how Andersen developed foreign markets by traveling and selling the story of a mobile life. Capturing foreign markets brought about translation and different appropriations of his texts, which the last part of this essay investigates.

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